Jump to content

Hacker Technology

A group blog by Leader in Hacker Website - Providing Professional Ethical Hacking Services

  • Entries

    16114

  • Comments

    7952

  • Views

    863108268

Contributors to this blog

  • HireHackking 16114

About this blog

Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
Tested on macOS Mojave (10.14.6, 18G87) and Catalina Beta (10.15 Beta 19A536g).

On macOS, the dyld shared cache (in /private/var/db/dyld/) is generated locally
on the system and therefore doesn't have a real code signature;
instead, SIP seems to be the only mechanism that prevents modifications of the
dyld shared cache.
update_dyld_shared_cache, the tool responsible for generating the shared cache,
is able to write to /private/var/db/dyld/ because it has the
com.apple.rootless.storage.dyld entitlement. Therefore, update_dyld_shared_cache
is responsible for ensuring that it only writes data from trustworthy libraries
when updating the shared cache.

update_dyld_shared_cache accepts two interesting command-line arguments that
make it difficult to enforce these security properties:

 - "-root": Causes libraries to be read from, and the cache to be written to, a
   caller-specified filesystem location.
 - "-overlay": Causes libraries to be read from a caller-specified filesystem
   location before falling back to normal system directories.

There are some checks related to this, but they don't look very effective.
main() tries to see whether the target directory is protected by SIP:

    bool requireDylibsBeRootlessProtected = isProtectedBySIP(cacheDir);

If that variable is true, update_dyld_shared_cache attempts to ensure that all
source libraries are also protected by SIP.

isProtectedBySIP() is implemented as follows:

    bool isProtectedBySIP(const std::string& path)
    {
        if ( !sipIsEnabled() )
            return false;

        return (rootless_check_trusted(path.c_str()) == 0);
    }

Ignoring that this looks like a typical symlink race issue, there's another
problem:

Looking in a debugger (with SIP configured so that only debugging restrictions
and dtrace restrictions are disabled), it seems like rootless_check_trusted()
doesn't work as expected:

    bash-3.2# lldb /usr/bin/update_dyld_shared_cache 
    [...]
    (lldb) breakpoint set --name isProtectedBySIP(std::__1::basic_string<char,\ std::__1::char_traits<char>,\ std::__1::allocator<char>\ >\ const&) 
    Breakpoint 1: where = update_dyld_shared_cache`isProtectedBySIP(std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&), address = 0x00000001000433a4
    [...]
    (lldb) run -force
    Process 457 launched: '/usr/bin/update_dyld_shared_cache' (x86_64)
    Process 457 stopped
    * thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
        frame #0: 0x00000001000433a4 update_dyld_shared_cache`isProtectedBySIP(std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&)
    update_dyld_shared_cache`isProtectedBySIP:
    ->  0x1000433a4 <+0>: pushq  %rbp
        0x1000433a5 <+1>: movq   %rsp, %rbp
        0x1000433a8 <+4>: pushq  %rbx
        0x1000433a9 <+5>: pushq  %rax
    Target 0: (update_dyld_shared_cache) stopped.
    (lldb) breakpoint set --name rootless_check_trusted
    Breakpoint 2: where = libsystem_sandbox.dylib`rootless_check_trusted, address = 0x00007fff5f32b8ea
    (lldb) continue 
    Process 457 resuming
    Process 457 stopped
    * thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = breakpoint 2.1
        frame #0: 0x00007fff5f32b8ea libsystem_sandbox.dylib`rootless_check_trusted
    libsystem_sandbox.dylib`rootless_check_trusted:
    ->  0x7fff5f32b8ea <+0>: pushq  %rbp
        0x7fff5f32b8eb <+1>: movq   %rsp, %rbp
        0x7fff5f32b8ee <+4>: movl   $0xffffffff, %esi         ; imm = 0xFFFFFFFF 
        0x7fff5f32b8f3 <+9>: xorl   %edx, %edx
    Target 0: (update_dyld_shared_cache) stopped.
    (lldb) print (char*)$rdi
    (char *) $0 = 0x00007ffeefbff171 "/private/var/db/dyld/"
    (lldb) finish
    Process 457 stopped
    * thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = step out

        frame #0: 0x00000001000433da update_dyld_shared_cache`isProtectedBySIP(std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) + 54
    update_dyld_shared_cache`isProtectedBySIP:
    ->  0x1000433da <+54>: testl  %eax, %eax
        0x1000433dc <+56>: sete   %al
        0x1000433df <+59>: addq   $0x8, %rsp
        0x1000433e3 <+63>: popq   %rbx
    Target 0: (update_dyld_shared_cache) stopped.
    (lldb) print $rax
    (unsigned long) $1 = 1

Looking around with a little helper (under the assumption that it doesn't behave
differently because it doesn't have the entitlement), it looks like only a small
part of the SIP-protected directories show up as protected when you check with
rootless_check_trusted():

    bash-3.2# cat rootless_test.c
    #include <stdio.h>

    int rootless_check_trusted(char *);

    int main(int argc, char **argv) {
      int res = rootless_check_trusted(argv[1]);
      printf("rootless status for '%s': %d (%s)\n", argv[1], res, (res == 0) ? "PROTECTED" : "MALLEABLE");
    }
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /
    rootless status for '/': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /System
    rootless status for '/System': 0 (PROTECTED)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /System/
    rootless status for '/System/': 0 (PROTECTED)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /System/Library
    rootless status for '/System/Library': 0 (PROTECTED)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /System/Library/Assets
    rootless status for '/System/Library/Assets': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /System/Library/Caches
    rootless status for '/System/Library/Caches': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kext.caches
    rootless status for '/System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kext.caches': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /usr
    rootless status for '/usr': 0 (PROTECTED)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /usr/local
    rootless status for '/usr/local': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /private
    rootless status for '/private': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /private/var/db
    rootless status for '/private/var/db': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /private/var/db/dyld/
    rootless status for '/private/var/db/dyld/': 1 (MALLEABLE)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /sbin
    rootless status for '/sbin': 0 (PROTECTED)
    bash-3.2# ./rootless_test /Applications/Mail.app/
    rootless status for '/Applications/Mail.app/': 0 (PROTECTED)
    bash-3.2# 

Perhaps rootless_check_trusted() limits its trust to paths that are writable
exclusively using installer entitlements like com.apple.rootless.install, or
something like that? That's the impression I get when testing different entries
from /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf - the entries with no whitelisted
specific entitlement show up as protected, the ones with a whitelisted specific
entitlement show up as malleable.
rootless_check_trusted() checks for the "file-write-data" permission through the
MAC syscall, but I haven't looked in detail at how the policy actually looks.

(By the way, looking at update_dyld_shared_cache, I'm not sure whether it would
actually work if the requireDylibsBeRootlessProtected flag is true - it looks
like addIfMachO() would never add any libraries to dylibsForCache because
`sipProtected` is fixed to `false` and the call to isProtectedBySIP() is
commented out?)


In theory, this means it's possible to inject a modified version of a library
into the dyld cache using either the -root or the -overlay flag of
update_dyld_shared_cache, reboot, and then run an entitled binary that will use
the modified library. However, there are (non-security) checks that make this
annoying:

 - When loading libraries, loadPhase5load() checks whether the st_ino and
   st_mtime of the on-disk library match the ones embedded in the dyld cache at
   build time.
 - Recently, dyld started ensuring that the libraries are all on the "boot
   volume" (the path specified with "-root", or "/" if no root was specified).

The inode number check means that it isn't possible to just create a malicious
copy of a system library, run `update_dyld_shared_cache -overlay`, and reboot to
use the malicious copy; the modified library will have a different inode number.
I don't know whether HFS+ reuses inode numbers over time, but on APFS, not even
that is possible; inode numbers are monotonically incrementing 64-bit integers.

Since root (and even normal users) can mount filesystem images, I decided to
create a new filesystem with appropriate inode numbers.
I think HFS probably can't represent the full range of inode numbers that APFS
can have (and that seem to show up on volumes that have been converted from
HFS+ - that seems to result in inode numbers like 0x0fffffff00001666), so I
decided to go with an APFS image. Writing code to craft an entire APFS
filesystem would probably take quite some time, and the public open-source APFS
implementations seem to be read-only, so I'm first assembling a filesystem image
normally (create filesystem with newfs_apfs, mount it, copy files in, unmount),
then renumbering the inodes. By storing files in the right order, I don't even
need to worry about allocating and deallocating space in tree nodes and
such - all replacements can be performed in-place.

My PoC patches the cached version of csr_check() from libsystem_kernel.dylib so
that it always returns zero, which causes the userspace kext loading code to
ignore code signing errors.


To reproduce:

 - Ensure that SIP is on.
 - Ensure that you have at least something like 8GiB of free disk space.
 - Unpack the attached dyld_sip.tar (as normal user).
 - Run ./collect.sh (as normal user). This should take a couple minutes, with
   more or less continuous status updates. At the end, it should say "READY"
   after mounting an image to /private/tmp/L.
   (If something goes wrong here and you want to re-run the script, make sure to
   detach the volume if the script left it attached - check "hdiutil info".)
 - As root, run "update_dyld_shared_cache -force -root /tmp/L".
 - Reboot the machine.
 - Build an (unsigned) kext from source. I have attached source code for a
   sample kext as testkext.tar - you can unpack it and use xcodebuild -, but
   that's just a simple "hello world" kext, you could also use anything else.
 - As root, copy the kext to /tmp/.
 - As root, run "kextutil /tmp/[...].kext". You should see something like this:

         bash-3.2# cp -R testkext/build/Release/testkext.kext /tmp/ && kextutil /tmp/testkext.kext
         Kext with invalid signatured (-67050) allowed: <OSKext 0x7fd10f40c6a0 [0x7fffa68438e0]> { URL = "file:///private/tmp/testkext.kext/", ID = "net.thejh.test.testkext" }
         Code Signing Failure: code signature is invalid
         Disabling KextAudit: SIP is off
         Invalid signature -67050 for kext <OSKext 0x7fd10f40c6a0 [0x7fffa68438e0]> { URL = "file:///private/tmp/testkext.kext/", ID = "net.thejh.test.testkext" }
         bash-3.2# dmesg|tail -n1
         test kext loaded
         bash-3.2# kextstat | grep test
           120    0 0xffffff7f82a50000 0x2000     0x2000     net.thejh.test.testkext (1) A24473CD-6525-304A-B4AD-B293016E5FF0 <5>
         bash-3.2# 


Miscellaneous notes:

 - It looks like there's an OOB kernel write in the dyld shared cache pager; but
   AFAICS that isn't reachable unless you've already defeated SIP, so I don't
   think it's a vulnerability:
   vm_shared_region_slide_page_v3() is used when a page from the dyld cache is
   being paged in. It essentially traverses a singly-linked list of relocations
   inside the page; the offset of the first relocation (iow the offset of the
   list head) is stored permanently in kernel memory when the shared cache is
   initialized.
   As far as I can tell, this function is missing bounds checks; if either the
   starting offset or the offset stored in the page being paged in points
   outside the page, a relocation entry will be read from OOB memory, and a
   relocated address will conditionally be written back to the same address.
 - There is a check `rootPath != "/"` in update_dyld_shared_cache; but further
   up is this:

       // canonicalize rootPath
       if ( !rootPath.empty() ) {
           char resolvedPath[PATH_MAX];
           if ( realpath(rootPath.c_str(), resolvedPath) != NULL ) {
               rootPath = resolvedPath;
           }
           // <rdar://problem/33223984> when building closures for boot volume, pathPrefixes should be empty
           if ( rootPath == "/" ) {
               rootPath = "";
           }
       }

   So as far as I can tell, that condition is always true, which means that when
   an overlay path is specified with `-overlay`, the cache is written to the
   root even though the code looks as if the cache is intended to be written to
   the overlay.
 - Some small notes regarding the APFS documentation at
   <https://developer.apple.com/support/downloads/Apple-File-System-Reference.pdf>:
  - The typedef for apfs_superblock_t is missing.
  - The documentation claims that APFS_TYPE_DIR_REC keys are j_drec_key_t, but
    actually they can be j_drec_hashed_key_t.
  - The documentation claims that o_cksum is "The Fletcher 64 checksum of the
    object", but actually APFS requires that the fletcher64 checksum of all data
    behind the checksum concatenated with the checksum is zero.
    (In other words, you cut out the checksum field at the start, append it at
    the end, then run fletcher64 over the buffer, and then you have to get an
    all-zeroes checksum.)


Proof of Concept:
https://gitlab.com/exploit-database/exploitdb-bin-sploits/-/raw/main/bin-sploits/47708.zip